motor learning exam 2

does action preparation require time

yes

Hicks Law

RT increases when number of choices increases (logarithmically)

When the predictability of one of the possible choices increases, RT

decreases

Cost Benefit Trade Off -

choosing to prep for one possible action can make you faster if that action happens but slower if a different action happens

advance informatin

info before performing an actin

SR is

stimulus respinse compatability

how compatable your responses are to the stimulus; physical relatinship between stimulus and response choices; includes spatial arrangemnt of stimuli and limb movements required to respond to them

S-R compatability

RT will be faster when

SR are move compatable

stroop effect

foreperiod

between warning signal and go signal

constant foreperiod does what to RT

Decreases

why does inconsistant forperiod lengthen RT

anticipation

as movement complexity increases waht happens to RT

increases

as movement requires more accuracy what happens to preperation time required

increases

RT ___ when accuracy demands increase

increases

repitition ___ RT

decreases

PRP stands for

psychological refractory period

delay of response to the second stimulus

PRP

when two signals happen close together, the response to the second signal is __

delayed

PRP happens because

response selection demands (how difficult it is to figure out which response matches each signal) and timing of response initiation (how close together two responsees need to happen)

reaction to second signal is slower because your brain is still processing the first signal

PRP

alertness of the performer, vigilance, and attention focused on the signal instead of the movement all

influence preperation

long term maitinence of alertness

vigilance ( RT increases (bad) as the person has to maintain alert longer)

fractionated RT and anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) occur during

preparation

Fractionated RT

breaks RT down into smaller parts — premotor time and motor time — RT increases because premotor time increases for complex movements

activation of muscles prior to execution of action

APAs, anticipatory postural adjustments

events that occur during prep

limb performance characteristics, object control characteristics

movement direction, mvmt trajectory, prep in advance

limb performance characteristics

force control, end state comfort control, hands initial spatial position based on what will be its final spatial position

object control characteristics

rituals help prepare

timing of upcoming movements

attention is a

limited capacity resource

several characteristics associated with perceptual, cognitive, and motor activities that establish limits to our performance of motor skills, relates to consciousness or awareness, limits influence performance when we do more than one activity at the same time, according to scientisstsa

attention

more than one activity at the same time performance limits because of

attention

performing multiple tasks at once:

sometimes no difficulties sometimes difficulties

limits of multiple tasks at once because of

attention limits limiting performance

attention theory: filter or bottleneck

multitasking hard because we cant serially process multiple stimuli

attention theory: attention-capacity theory

we have one central course of attention resources and all activities compete to get it

attention theory: kahneman’s

attention is a cognitive effort, and there is a single course of mental resources from which humans derive cognitive effort which has flexible capacity

central resource theories:

kahneman’s and attention capacity

kahnemans: attention capacity available for specific performance situation si dependnet on __

performers arousal

Kahnemans 3 rules fo allocating attention

1. allocate attention to ensure completion of at least one task

2. involuntary attention to at least two types of characteristics of events

3. momentary intentions - allocate attention according to performers specific attention

enduring despositions:

event is novel for the situation and meaningful to us personally

multiple resource theory is __ to central resource thoery

alternative/opposite

multiple sources need

input output modalities, stages of info processing, codes of processing info

success in multitasking depends on whether those tasks demand our attention from a common or different resources

multiple resource theory

dual task procduce for assessing attention demands

determines attention demands and characteristics of stim of 2 diff tasks, primary task is task of int, secondary tasi is to help make infrences about the attention demands of the primary task,

the secondary task acts as a

tool to reveal how much attention the primary task requires

attentional focus

directs attention to specific aspects of our performance environment

types of attentional focus

width, direction, attention switching

action effect hypothesis

proposes actions are best planned and controlled by their intended effects

internal focus

foruc on your body movement - movement itself

external focus

movement effects, focus on outcome or effect of your movement

action effect hypothesis

focusing on the results is more effective

common coding

actions and their intended perceptual effects are linked in planning

automaticy

performance of a skill with little/no demand on attention capacity

are different brain areas active when tasks are automized

yes

prep for voluntary movement takes

time

minimum time for system to prep for action

reaction time

as the predictability of 1 possible choice increases

reaction time decreases

cost is

higher RT

benefit is

lower RT

prepping an actin