KINE2000

Module 1 Quiz

3.7 billion years ago

first microbes (first life) appear

60 million years ago

first primates appear

8-5 million years ago

bipedalism devleops (priates emerge from the trees)

homo habilis

an early human from East Africa; “handyman”: made the first stone tools

homo erectus

a widespread traveler that left Africa and lived across Asia and Europe; walked fully upright and used fire

3-2 million years ago

Our genus (Homo) emerges

2.5 million years ago

Brain size begins to expand

300,000 years ago

Our species (sapiens)- anatomically modern humans- emerge

50,000-30,000 years ago

Modern behavior (cave painting, symbolism, ritual burial)

12,000 years ago

agriculture began to replace hunting and foraging

300 years ago

Industrial Revolution begins

June 2007

1st Iphone released

kinesiology

the study of human movement

when was the arms race

8-5 million years ago

how did early humans survive when animals had more speed, power, and strength

had an enormous capacity for endurance; could run, hike, walk etc. over long distances for hours; metabolism (fuel system on board)

what did Bernard Heinrich call humans

super endurance predator

bipedal locomotion advantages

efficient gait pattern; freed up hands to carry tools, offspring, capture prey; exposed less body surface area to sun; lack of fur

advantages for homo sapiens

bipedal locomotion, physical, mental, and social traits, and vision

what is vision in regards to the super endurance predator

can see things in minds eye; look ahead in time

what is biomechanics made up of

math, anatomy

what is exercise physiology made up of

biochemistry, biology/anatomy

what is adapted movement study made up of

biology, anatomy

what is sports medicine made up of

MD, AT, PT, S&C, Nutrition

why does anatomy matter in kinesiology

movement analysis, exercise prescription, injury prevention, rehab, athletic performance, strength and conditioning

gross anatomy

study of macroscopic structure of human body

how can we study gross anatomy

cadaver dissection (computer software), imaging (X-ray), MRI, Angiography

macro

large things; can see with our eyes

anatomical theatre

at UVA; 1827-1939; designed by TJ; stadium seats for students to view anatomical demonstrations and learn through lectures; dissected the poor, unprivileged, and enslaved; moral/philosophical dilemma

3 kinds of gross anatomy

surface, regional, systemic

Surface/superficial anatomy

the study of external features and visible or palpable landmarks of a body; links what you see or feel on the outside to hidden internal organs and structures lying underneath; ECG- place sensors down

regional anatomy

the study of the human body by specific areas, such as the head, chest, or limbs; how different structures work together in one specific part of the body (e.g. nerves)

anterior

the front/towards the front

posterior

behind/towards the rear

medial

towards the midline (midsaggital plane)

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

toward the attached base of a limb

distal

away from the attached base of a limb

regional anatomy occupations

orthopedic surgeon, physical therapist, neurologist/neurosurgeon, ear, nose, and throat physical

systematic anatomy

study of the body by organ systems

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

digestive system

stomach, intestines, liver

circulatory system

heart and blood vessels

respiratory system

lungs and airways

skeletal system

all the bones in the body

if the goal is the strengthen quadriceps, what is the anatomical focus and exercise

focus: anterior; exercise: squat

if the goal is the strengthen hamstrings, what is the anatomical focus and exercise

focus: posterior; exercise: Romanian deadlift

Which muscle group contributes the most force during the standing phase of a sit-to-stand movement?

Quadriceps

Histology

the branch of biology and medicine that studies the microscopic structure of plant and animal tissues; show how cells organize to form tissues and organs

micro

can’t see with our eyes

3 common characteristics of cells

membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

9 types of cells in the human body

red blood, immune, egg, fat, epithelial, muscle, sperm, bone, neuron

types of white blood cells

neutrophils, monocytes, Natural killer, T cells

where are white blood cells

immune system

how many white blood cells are in per micro liter of blood

4,000-11,000

cells

fundmental unit of life

tissues

many cells working together

nervous tissue function

conducting electrical impulses, communication, regulating body functions

muscle tissue function

movement, posture, heat production

epithelial tissue function

protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, sensation

connective tissue function

support, protection, transport, storage, insulation

organs

many tissues working together to perform a physiological or physical function

how many major organ systems are there and what are they

11 (circulator, lymphatic, respiratory, integumentary, endocrine, digestive, urinary, muscolskeletal, nervous, immune, reproductive)

gait

a particular pattern of walking

why would we study gait

• Assess injury

• Evalute rehab process

• Prevent falls

• Improve athletic performance

• Design prosthetics

• Understand neurological disease

• Study child development

how many bones does the adult have

206

2 categories of bones

axial, appendicular

cancellous bone

spongy

cortical bone

harder, outer layer

bone

strong, composite structure with a dense outer region with greater internal space conserved by a 3D lattice structure of cancellous bone; dynamic, living tissue with blood supply

shaft of long bones

diaphysis

ends of long bonds

epiphysis

why are bones important to walking

• act as levers

• absorb ground reaction forces

• make more efficient (store energy, its geometry)

• impact stride length

• optimize stability

what plane is this

saigttal

what plane is this

transverse

what plane is this

frontal

joints

articulations between bones

fibrous joints

immovable (such as the fusion of bones forming the skulls of adults or the interosseous membrane b/w the tibia and fibula and the ulna and radius)

cartilaginous joints

strong, slightly moveable often with a large cartilage structure

synovial joints

freely moveable w/ large fluidfilled capsules that can move in variety of directions depning on bony and ligament geometry

what joint is this

hinge

what joint is this

saddle

what joint is this

plane

what joint is this

pivot

what joint is this

condyloid

what joint is this

ball and socket

what joint motions are in the sagittal plane

flexion and extension

what joint motions are in the frontal plane

abduction and adduction

what joint motions are in the transverse plane

external and internal

concentric contraction

accelerate the person forward

eccentric contraction

slow the person

isometric contraction

stabilize the person

corticospinal pathway

the major somatic efferent pathway

afferent flow

carries information toward the brain and spinal cord (arriving)

efferent flow

carries information away from the brain and spinal cord exiting

skeletal muscle function

produces body movement, maintains posture, generates heat, and stablizies joints

cardiac muscle function

pumps blood throughout the body

smooth muscle

moves substances through internal organs and regulates vessel dimeter

muscle hypertrophy

muscle growth

muscle power

the ability to exert maximal or high force as fast as possible (combining strength and speed)

muscle strength

the maximal amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance in a single effort