SC quiz 4 flashcards

unit 2 up to but not including unconformities, prof gardner, fall '26

fault

fractured surface which has had motion

fault

abrupt ending and displacement of sediments

normal fault

which type of fault is a hanging wall that slips downward relative to the footwall

reverse fault

which type of fault is a hanging wall moving upward relative to the footwall

reverse fault

which type of fault results from extensional or tensional forces

strike slip fault

which type of fault includes rock masses moving horizontally

fault scarfs

cliffs along normal or reverse faults

folding

caused by slow, continuous movement or wet, soft sediment deformation

syncline

what type of folding includes folding downwards (trough)

anticline

what type of folding includes folding upwards (arch)

volcanic mountains

what is formed by volcanic deposits

mauna kea

what is an example of a volcanic mountain

fault-block mountains

what mountains are formed by normal and reverse faults

teton mountains

what is an example of a fault-block mountain

folded mountains

what are the biggest and best well known mountains

folded mountains

the folding of continental plates creates

pangea

what is the name of the supercontinent that used to be

Laurasia and Gondwana

pangea broke apart into

during the flood

when did pangea break apart into the dif continents

tsunamis and global erosion/ sedimentation

rapid movements of continental and oceanic crust produced what

lithosphere

crust and outermost part of the mantle is called the

rigid

the lithosphere is which one:

rigid or a solid that flows

asthenosphere

what is the soft rock below the lithosphere in the upper mantle

a solid rock that flows

the asthenosphere is which one:

rigid or a solid rock that flows

asthenosphere

the weak sphere

mid ocean ridges

trenches

island arcs

magnetic ridges

what are the features that indicate the ocean floor has spread out

mid ocean ridges (divergent)

what is an underwater mountain range that lies at the boundary of 2 tectonic plates

trenches (convergent)

what is an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate

island arcs (convergent)

what are found to the right of a plate boundary

magnetic ridges (divergent)

what are magnetic minerals that alternate

plate tectonics

what is the study of crustal movements as a result of ocean floor expansion

7 major plates

how many major plates is the lithosphere broken into

more dense

basalt is: less dense or more dense, than granite

oceanic basalt

continental: granite

what are 2 of the 7 major plates of the lithosphere

oceanic-continental plate collisions

What collision creates subduction zones

oceanic-oceanic plate collisions

what collision creates island arcs

continental-continental plate collisions

what collision creates folded mountains

transform faults

what is a special variety of strike slip fault that occurs at plate boundaries

san andreas fault (in cali)

what is an example of a transform fault

the secular perspective (the books persepctive)

which perspective of plate tectonics believes that the continents will continue to gradually change

the Bibles perspective

which perspective of plate tectonics believes that the earth will never see the same type of crustal changes that we see evidence of

the 1800s

when did the perspective on how the earth came to be shift from a biblical perspective to a more secular worldview

Cuvier

who is the french paleontologist who ‘started’ the decline of the change in worldview

studied fossils

concluded catastrophes had killed out each successive fossil layer

new creatures were created supernaturally

cuvier was known for these 3 main things

essentialism

baraminology

darwinism

what are the 3 main views on how creatures came to be

essentialism (lawn of life)

what view of how creatures were created is that organisms have remained unchanged throughout time

baraminology (orchard of life)

what view of how creatures came to be is that the animals from the same species branched into different subversions but never changed from their ‘family’, basically microevolution

darwinism (tree of life)

what view of how creatures came to be is that there is unlimited change, and that every living thing evolved out of one organism

Hutton

who said “I see no vestige of beginning, no prospect of an end”

Hutton

who was the Scottish amateur geologist that used vast amounts of time to explain away special creation

uniformitarianism

what view contains the idea that the present is the key to past

Lyell

“explain the former changes of the earths surface by forces now in motion” is associated with what scientist

principles of geology

what is Lyells book that influenced Darwin while he was touring the world

Darwin

who is mainly credited for the theory of evolution

on the origin of species

What is Darwins book

darwin

who allowed a supernatural creation of the creatures in the fossil record to be discarded

darwin

who provided the mechanism of How the world could have come to be without the presence of God, but he was not the first to come up with the theory of evolution

principle of superposition

what principle states that in an undeformed sequence of layered sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top

principle of crosscutting relationship

what is the principle that movement took place after being laid

lowest rock is the oldest

beds were laid horizontally

movement took place after being laid

igneous intrusions are younger

what are the principles of reading the rock