Year 9 Social Studies: Economy, Migration, Urban Environments, Government, and Coasts

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Year 9 Social Studies units: Economic Activity, Migration, Urban Environments, Systems of Government, and Coastal Geography.

What is the definition of an economy according to the lecture notes?

An economy is the system of how money, goods, and services move between people, businesses, and governments around the world.

What are the three main economic sectors and what function does each perform?

The primary sector extracts raw materials from nature (such as farming, forestry, and mining); the secondary sector turns raw materials into finished products (such as factories, construction, and food manufacturing); and the tertiary sector provides services to people and businesses (such as teachers, doctors, shops, and banks).

In the Whittakers chocolate bar production experiment, what specific activities occur across the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors?

In the primary sector, growers cultivate cocoa pods, harvest them, and dry the beans; in the secondary sector, the Whittakers factory turns the beans into chocolate bars and packages them; in the tertiary sector, Whittakers transports the bars to retailers like Woolworths who sell them to consumers.

When was the Waitangi Tribunal established, when did it receive the mandate to examine historical claims, and which two iwi received the largest initial settlements of $\$170\text{ million}$ each?

The Waitangi Tribunal was established in $1975$, received the mandate to examine historical claims in $1985$, and awarded its two largest settlements of $\$170\text{ million}$ each to Ngāi Tahu and Tainui.

What proportions of New Zealand's commercial fishing quota, forestry, and sheep and beef production are owned within the Māori economy today?

The Māori economy holds $50\%$ of the national fishing quota, $40\%$ of forestry assets, and $30\%$ of sheep and beef production (in addition to $30\%$ of lamb production, $10\%$ of dairy, and $10\%$ of kiwifruit).

When was Tainui Group Holdings established, what was its starting property endowment, and what is the total value of its asset portfolio today?

Tainui Group Holdings was established in $2003$ with a property endowment valued at $\$166\text{ million}$, and it now manages an asset portfolio valued at $\$2.1\text{ billion}$ across $6{,}389\text{ ha}$ of land owned by Waikato-Tainui.

What are the five core operational categories of Tainui Group Holdings?

1. Whenua (Real Estate), 2. Ahuwhenua (Natural Resources), 3. Hanga Whakarere (Infrastructure, including Ruakura Inland Port and Ruakura Energy), 4. Tuutanga Ao Whaanui (Global Shares), and 5. Tuutanga Tuumataiti (Private Equity).

How are demand, supply, and market equilibrium defined in economics?

Demand is how much people want or need a product or service; supply is how much of that product or service is available; and equilibrium is the point where the supply and demand curves intersect, matching the plans of buyers and sellers.

What is the distinction between an import and an export in international trade?

An import is a product, service, or raw material brought into a country from overseas, whereas an export is any good or service produced within a country and sold to buyers in another country.

In Lee's Model of Migration, what is the distinction between push factors and pull factors?

Push factors are negative features and conditions that drive people to leave their home location, while pull factors are positive qualities that attract migrants to settle in a destination area.

What are intervening obstacles in the context of migration?

Intervening obstacles are barriers or difficulties that a person encounters when migrating between an origin and destination (such as travel costs, visa paperwork, physical distance, or language barriers) that control migration flow.

What are the four categories of push and pull factors, with one push example for each?

1. Political (e.g., war or political corruption), 2. Social (e.g., discrimination or high crime rates), 3. Economic (e.g., poverty or lack of jobs), and 4. Environmental (e.g., natural disasters or prolonged drought).

According to the migration timeline, when did Kupe navigate to Aotearoa, and during what time period did the first Māori settle in Aotearoa?

Kupe navigated to Aotearoa across the Pacific on his waka around $1020\text{ CE}$ (approximately $1{,}000$ years ago) using stars and currents, and the first Māori settled between $1250$ and $1300\text{ CE}$.

What does each letter stand for in the MAGIC formula used to interpret graphs and quantitative data?

M - Mention the trend, A - Add evidence, G - Give a reason, I - Interpret what it means, C - Connect to the question.

What physical geography features make the Pacific island nation of Kiribati particularly vulnerable to climate-induced migration?

Kiribati comprises $33$ small coral atolls close to the Equator populated by approximately $130{,}000$ people, with an average land height of only $2\text{ to }3\text{ metres}$ above sea level.

What traditional Kiribati cultural skills is community leader Louisa Humphrey working to preserve for future generations?

Traditional weaving (raranga), creating dancing costumes (Bwai ni Maie), and constructing traditional war armour (Te Otanga).

Why did the Otago Provincial Government invite Chinese miners to New Zealand in 1865, and what was their population trajectory?

European miners left Otago to pursue new gold discoveries on the West Coast; Otago invited Chinese miners whose numbers expanded from fewer than $200$ in $1866$ to $1{,}270$ in April $1868$, peaking at nearly $5{,}000$ miners in $1881$.

What tragedy occurred on 28 October 1902 off the Hokianga coast involving the SS Ventnor?

The SS Ventnor drifted and sank off the Hokianga coast, causing $13$ deaths and the loss of its cargo: the exhumed remains and bones of nearly $500$ Chinese miners being transported back to China.

What are the 7 continents and 5 major oceans on Earth?

Continents: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia (Oceania), and Antarctica. Oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.

In cartography, what do the letters in the acronym SOFT-K represent?

S - Scale, O - Orientation, F - Frame, T - Title, and K - Key.

How has the proportion of the global population living in rural versus urban areas shifted over the past century?

A century ago, approximately $8\text{ in }10$ people lived in rural areas; today, roughly $6\text{ in }10$ live in urban cities (reaching $8\text{ or }9\text{ in }10$ in advanced economies).

What defines a megacity, and what are three examples located in Asia?

A megacity is an urban area with a total population exceeding $10\text{ million}$ people; examples located in Asia include Tokyo (Japan), Delhi (India), and Jakarta (Indonesia).

On what date did the world population officially reach 8 billion according to the United Nations, and what was the annual growth rate?

The world population officially reached $8\text{ billion}$ on November 15, 2022, with an annual growth rate of $+0.84\%$.

What is a sustainable urban initiative, and what are two common small-scale examples?

A program, project, or policy designed to make cities environmentally responsible while balancing societal needs and protecting resources for future generations. Examples include sustainable transit (bike lanes, public transit) and green infrastructure (rain gardens, urban forests, green roofs).

Where is the Wynyard Quarter situated, and what was it historically known as during the 1930s?

It is on reclaimed land on the western edge of Auckland's CBD waterfront, historically nicknamed the 'Tank Farm' because it was used for bulk petro-chemical fuel storage beginning in the $1930\text{s}$.

What key environmental contamination challenge existed at Wynyard Quarter prior to its 2005 redevelopment vision?

The reclaimed land was occupied by fuel storage tanks, warehouses, and industrial operations, which left parts of the ground contaminated with toxic waste that threatened Auckland harbour.

What were Auckland's population figures from the 1980s to 2000, and what was the projection for 2050 that encouraged inner-city housing at Wynyard Quarter?

Auckland's population expanded from approximately $770{,}000$ in the $1980\text{s}$ to just over $1\text{ million}$ by $2000$, with projections forecasting $2.5\text{ million}$ residents by $2050$.

How does the transcript distinguish between a Constitutional Monarchy, an Absolute Monarchy, and Communism?

In a Constitutional Monarchy, a king or queen is head of state but an elected parliament makes most decisions; in an Absolute Monarchy, the monarch exercises total control; and in Communism, all property is owned collectively by the community, with people contributing and receiving based on abilities and needs.

How are Dictatorship, Fascism, and Anarchy defined in the lecture notes?

A Dictatorship is where one person exercises absolute control and power; Fascism is a dictatorship that makes decisions based on race; and Anarchy is the complete absence of government where everyone possesses individual freedom.

What voting system does New Zealand use for central general elections, and how many parliamentary seats constitute a governing majority?

New Zealand uses the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system with general elections held every $3$ years; a governing majority requires the support of at least $61$ seats in Parliament.

What is the structural difference between a coalition government and a confidence and supply agreement in New Zealand?

In a coalition, two or more parties share executive governance, policy agreements, and ministerial Cabinet posts; under confidence and supply, a smaller party promises to vote with the government on confidence and budget bills without taking Cabinet seats.

Who is this political figure who serves as the Governor-General of New Zealand?

Dame Cindy Kiro (the representative of King Charles III in New Zealand).

What are the 'Three Hats' representing the core responsibilities of the Governor-General of New Zealand?

1. Constitutional Hat (signs bills into law, appoints the Prime Minister, opens Parliament), 2. Ceremonial Hat (hosts official visitors, attends ANZAC Day, presents awards), and 3. Community Hat (visits schools, charities, and community volunteer groups).

What are the 8 sequential stages required for a bill to become an act of law in the New Zealand Parliament?

1. Idea for a Law, 2. Bill Introduced to Parliament, 3. First Reading, 4. Select Committee, 5. Second Reading, 6. Committee of the Whole House, 7. Third Reading, and 8. Royal Assent (formally signed into law by the Governor-General).

How does the New Zealand Government plan and pass 'The Budget', and how long does the House debate it initially?

The Budget is an annual 12-month government spending plan beginning in July; after presentation of the Appropriation Bill and Estimates, the House of Representatives debates the spending plans for $14\text{ hours}$ before sending estimates to select committees.

How many local authorities make up local government in New Zealand, and what are the two main types of councils?

There are $78$ local authorities consisting of Territorial Authorities ($13$ city councils and $54$ district councils managing local roads, libraries, and rubbish) and $11$ Regional Councils (managing rivers, flood control, environmental protection, and regional transport).

What are the physical characteristics and geographical significance of Aoraki / Mt Cook and the Tasman Glacier?

Aoraki / Mt Cook represents tectonic uplift as the 'backbone' of the South Island's Southern Alps; the Tasman Glacier is New Zealand's longest glacier at $29\text{ km}$, carving U-shaped valleys and creating 'glacial flour' that colors lakes.

How do the geological origins and features of Lake Pūkaki and Lake Taupō differ?

Lake Pūkaki is a South Island glacial lake dammed by a glacial moraine and known for its distinctive turquoise color; Lake Taupō is New Zealand's largest lake, formed by a massive volcanic caldera collapse in the North Island.

What physical processes created Farewell Spit and the Canterbury Plains?

Farewell Spit is a $34\text{ km}$ sand spit built by longshore drift and deposition that grows by roughly $3.4\text{ million cubic metres}$ of sand per year; the Canterbury Plains are alluvial plains created by braided rivers depositing alluvium (silt, sand, and clay) from the Southern Alps.

What is the difference between hydraulic action and abrasion in coastal erosion?

Hydraulic action occurs when waves compress air into rock cracks, causing explosive shattering as the wave recedes; abrasion occurs when waves throw rocks and pebbles against cliffs, grinding away rock like sandpaper.

What is the sequential five-stage lifecycle of coastal landforms as a headland erodes?

1. Cracks (waves exploit weak points), 2. Caves (hydraulic action and abrasion widen cracks), 3. Arches (erosion cuts through the headland), 4. Stacks (arch roofs collapse leaving isolated stone pillars), and 5. Stumps (stack bases erode until only a low nub remains).

How does differential erosion produce alternating bays and headlands along a coastline?

Bands of softer rock (such as clay) erode quickly under wave attack to create sheltered bays, while bands of harder rock (such as sandstone) resist erosion and jut into the sea as headlands.

What is longshore drift, and how do the mechanics of swash and backwash transport sediment along a beach?

Longshore drift is the movement of material along a coast; incoming wind-driven waves push sand up and across the beach at an angle via 'swash', and gravity pulls water straight down the slope via 'backwash', shifting sediment in a saw-tooth pattern.

What accelerated erosion rate prompted the implementation of a coastal defense project at Sunset Beach, Port Waikato?

Coastal erosion surged from approximately $2\text{ metres}$ per year in $2012$ to approximately $7\text{ metres}$ per year, threatening homes and community sections.

What are the primary differences between hard and soft coastal engineering strategies, using examples from Sunset Beach, Port Waikato?

Hard engineering builds artificial barriers to absorb or reflect wave energy (such as the $\$400{,}000$, $380\text{m}$ wooden pole sea wall at Port Waikato); soft engineering works with natural coastal processes (such as sand push-ups, dune planting, beach nourishment, and managed retreat).