Chapter 2 - Theories

developmental theory

understand why and how a child develops how they do

psychoanalytic theory def

biological urges moves people through stages of dev.

psychoanalytic theory - personality parts

ID, ego, superego

ID

primitive, biological, immediate gratification

ego

rational, decision-making, realistic balance/mediator

superego

moral and ethical, rules based on society

psychosexual stages def

develop though stages focused on specific body parts

psychosexual stages - names (5)

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

psychosexual stages - oral

birth-1, mouth, sucking/tasting, leads to dependency, smoking, EDs

psychosexual stages - anal

1-3, toilet training, can be overly neat or messy depending on bowls

psychosexual stages - phallic

3-6, genital area, “family romance”, concerns with self-esteem in future

psychosexual stages - latency

6-puberty (12), inactive libedo, more on social skills

psychosexual stages - genital

12-18, genial maturation, balance across life

Erkison psychosocial stages def

why children resolve conflict impact dev.

Psychosocial stages (8)

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame/doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generatively vs stagnation, ego integrity vs despair

Psychosocial stages - trust vs mistrust

infancy - can I trust the world around me

Psychosocial stages - autonomy vs shame/doubt

1-3 - can i do things on my own

Psychosocial stages - initiative vs guilt

3-6, it is okay for me to explore on my own

Psychosocial stages - industry vs inferiority

6-12, can i succeed at things

Psychosocial stages - identity vs role confusion

12-18, who am i

Psychosocial stages - intimacy vs isolation

18-40, can i form close relationships

Psychosocial stages - generatively vs stagnation

40-65, am i making a meaningful contribution

Psychosocial stages - ego integrity vs despair

65+, am i satisfied with the life ive lived

behaviorism def

people learn behaviors though environment and experiences

behaviorism types (2)

classical condition, operant conditioning

classical conditioning

learning though association

operant conditioning

learn through consequences

reinforcement

anything the occurs after a behavior that increases its likelihood

pos vs negative reinforcement

increasing pos or neg response

shaping behavior

teaching a new behavior by reinforcing small steps until desired goal

punishment

decrease the likelihood of a certain response

neg vs pos punishment

taking away something good vs adding something bad

extinction

gradually decrease behavior until it no longer is exhibited

social cognitive theory

people learn by observing others, think of experiences, and interacting with environment

self-efficacy

one can influence or power their own functioning

schemas

units we use to organize understandings

assimilations

taking new information to an existing schema

accommodation

changing an existing schema to make a new one

constructivism

people actively build knowledge and meaning from their own experiences

embodied cognition

mental processes (thought, memory, and language) are deeply shaped by the physical body and interactions with the environment

zone of proximal development

distance between actual developmental level and potential development

scaffolding

help development by though guiding and supporting child

dynamic assesments

asking questions to asses the child’s understanding of a topic

stores model

paying attention to something, process, then store it to memory for later

connectionist or neural network model

more current understanding that brain functioning is through neurons and connections

ethology

study of adaptive behavior in the environment

imprinting

automatic behavior that follows parents

ecological systems theory

interactions with humans and environment impact psychology

ecological system parts (5)

microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystem, chronosystem

microsystems

individual selves

mesosystems

school, family, doctors

macrosystem

customs, culture, attitudes

exosystems

extended family, friends of family, media, neighbors

chronosystem

events that take place during life stages and history of area

dynamic systems theory

dev is from continuous, non-linear interaction of multiple subsystems at a time

equilibration

making sense of something

disequilibration

a state of confusion