Unit 3 - Cell Biology Test

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells

2. All cells are produced from existing cells

3. Cells are a basic unit of structure and function of living things

Robert Hooke

Discovered and coined the term “cell”

Robert Brown

Discovered the nucleus

Matthias Schleiden

Found out that all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

Found out that all animals are made of cells

Rudolph Virchow

Found that all cells come from existing cells

Types of cells

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Cell wall

The outer layer of cellulose or chitin. For protection or support

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments. For structural support and cell movement.

Flagella and Cilia

Cellular extensions with arrangement of pairs of microtubes. For motility or moving fluids over surfaces

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of internal membranes. Forms compartments and vesicles. Participates in protein and lipid synthesis

Nucleus

Structure with a double membrane that contains chromosomes. Control center of the cell. Directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction

Golgi complex/apparatus/body

Stacks of flattened vesicles. Packages proteins and forms secretory vesicles

Lysosomes

Vesicles from golgi complex that have hydrolytic digestive enzymes. Digests worn out organelles and plays a role in cell death

Peroxisomes

Vesicles from ER that have oxidative and other enzymes. Isolates particular cell activity from the rest of the cell

Mitochondria

Bacteria like element with a double membrane. Power house of the cell. Site of oxidative metabolism and gives ATP for cellular energy

Chloroplast

Bacteria like organelles found in plants and algae with a complex inner membrane made of stacked vesicles. Site of photosynthesis.

Chromosomes

Long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein.

Nucleolus

Site of genes for RNA synthesis and assembles ribosomes

Ribosomes

Small yet complex assembly of proteins and RNA. Often bound to the ER and the site of protein synthesis

Cell/plasma membrane

Surrounds the cell and is made up of a lipid bilayer. Regulates what comes in and out of the cell. Small molecules go straight through the bilayer while bigger ones go through the protein channel

Vacuole

Stores materials by providing temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products

Cytoplasm

Region of the cell except for the nucleus

Passive Transport

No energy used for transport on small, uncharged molecules

Active Transport

Energy is used for transport on large charged molecules. Transports molecules using carrier proteins against the concentration gradient

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. The rate of diffusion is based on concentration gradient, temperature, pressure, size and shape of molecules

Facilitated Diffusion

Type of transport across the cell membrane with help of carrier proteins and high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water flows in and out of cell searching for equilibrium

Isotonic (type of osmosis)

Normal equilibrium

Hypotonic (osmosis)

Swollen cell because all the water is going in to the cell. Sometimes the cell explodes

Hypertonic (osmosis)

A shrunken, shriveled cell because all the water has traveled out

Exocytosis (type of bulk transport

Releases large molecules out of the cell by fusing a vesicle with the cell membrane. Exo=exit. Energy travels from low to high

Endocytosis (type of bulk transport)

Takes large molecules into the cell by pinching off a vesicle from the cell membrane. Low to high concentration. Endo=enter

Phagocytosis

When large particles are associated with endocytosis

Pinocytosis

when liquids are involved in endocytosis