U1PT2 CELL ORGANELLES

Nucleolus: P or A? Function? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• produces ribosomes

Macromolecules:

• contains proteins and nucleic acids (RNA)

What are 7 organelles made from lipids?

1) Cell membrane

2) Endoplasmic reticulum

3) Golgi apparatus

4) Mitochondria

5) Lysosomes

6) Vacuoles

7) Nucleus

Tip: Membrane-bound organelle = contains lipids in its membrane.

How much % do lipids make up of your body (name 3)

15%

• Triglycerides: Store energy and provide insulation.

• Phospholipids: Form the cell membrane.

• Steroids: Include cholesterol and hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

How much % do proteins make up of your body? What are the 2 main purposes?

17%

Structural: Build and repair body tissues, such as muscles, skin, and hair.

Functional: Carry out essential processes, such as enzymes speeding up chemical reactions and antibodies defending against pathogens.

What is different about prokaryotic cells? (5) What is the 2 kingdoms of life?

What is different about prokaryotic cells?

• No nucleus: Their DNA floats in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid.

• No membrane-bound organelles: They don't have mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, or ER.

• Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

• Usually have circular DNA.

• Have ribosomes to make proteins.

Kingdoms:

• Eubacteria: True bacteria, including many common bacteria.

• Archaebacteria: Archaea, many of which can survive in extreme environments.

What are 3 organelles made from proteins?

1) cytoskeleton elements (microfilaments, microtubules)

2) ribosomes: made of proteins and rRNA; synthesize proteins.

3) centrioles: made of the protein tubulin; help organize cell division.

Chromatin: P or A? Function? Structure? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• Is the DNA, contains genetic code that makes proteins

Structure:

• made from DNA that is wrapped around histone proteins

Macromolecules:

• nucleic acids (DNA), proteins

Cell wall: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• plant

Function:

• provides rigid structural support, protection, and fixed shape to plant cells

Fiber

Macromolecules:

• carbs (cellulose), proteins

What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?

What does the cytoskeleton do?

• The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers inside the cell that acts like its internal skeleton

3 main functions are:

• Support: Maintains the cell's shape.

• Movement: Helps the cell and its organelles move.

• Organization: Holds organelles in place and helps transport materials within the cell.

What do all cells have (3)?

1) cell membrane

2) cytoplasm

3) ribosomes

What do kidneys do?

kidneys filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water, producing urine.

• proteins, sugars, lipids

What are the 2 subunits of the cytoskeleton?

Microfilaments + microtubules

Microfilaments: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• muscle contractions

• link cytoskeleton to cell to helps with sensing and responding to environment

Fibre

Macromolecules:

• proteins (actin)

Microtubules: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• maintain cell shape

• serves as tracks to move organelles and vesicles

• form spindle fibers

Fibre

Macromolecules:

• proteins (tubulin)

Ribosome: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA sequences

Fibre

Macromolecules:

• proteins, nucleic acids (RNA)

What does the cell theory state (3)?

1) all organisms made up of one or more cells

2) all the life functions of organisms occur within cells

3) all cells come from already existing cells

Rough ER: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• synthesizes proteins + folds by using attached ribosomes on surface

membrane

Macromolecules:

• lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Smooth ER: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• synthesizes lipids + phospholipids

• detoxifies drugs and poisons

membrane

Macromolecules:

• lipids, proteins

**no nucleic acids b/c no ribosomes

Vacuole: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• stories water, nutrients, waste, large central vacuole in plants (maintains the turgor in plants)

membrane

Macromolecules:

• lipids, carbs

Mitochondria: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• converts chemical energy from food into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration

membrane

Macromolecules:

• lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Cell membrane: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• acts as a BARRIER

• regulates the passage of materials in + out of the cell

• provides protection and support: Helps maintain the cell's shape and holds the cell's contents inside.

membrane

Macromolecules:

• lipids, proteins

Secretory vesicles: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• Transports molecules, such as proteins, from the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane for release through exocytosis.

membrane

Macromolecules:

• lipids

Peroxisome: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• break down fatty acids & detoxifies harmful metabolic byproducts like hydrogen peroxide (which can damage the cell, using the enzyme catalase.)

• break down large organic molecules → monomers

membrane

Macromolecules:

• Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

lysosome: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• animal

Function:

• Contains hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that break down waste, cellular debris, and foreign invaders.

membrane

Macromolecules:

• Lipids, proteins

Golgi apparatus: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within or out of the cell

membrane

Macromolecules:

• Lipids

centrosome: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• animal

Function:

• organizes microtubules and forms miotic spindle during cell division

fiber

Macromolecules:

• protein

cytosol: P or A? Function?

A or P?

• both

Function:

fluid part of cytoplasm where many cellular reactions take place

• water with dissolve minerals (nutrient, water)

nuclear membrane: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• both

Function:

• double membrane that selects what can enter and leave the nucleus for protecting DNA

membrane

Macromolecules:

• protein, lipids

chloroplasts: P or A? Function? M or F? Macromolecules?

A or P?

• plant

Function:

• capture sunlight to produce glucose through photosynthesis

• membrane

Macromolecules:

• lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbs