BIO 122 EXAM 2 HOMEWORK

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

chloroplasts

The closest algal relatives of land plants are __________.

charophytes

Seedless plants include which of the following?

lycophytes

monilophytes

bryophytes

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always __________.

produces spores

Which of the following statements correctly describes the colonization of terrestrial habitats by plants?

It occurred in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil.

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

alternation of multicellular generations

Which of the following organisms were most likely the direct ancestors of plants?

green algae

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

haploid spores

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would most likely have had which of the following features?

nonvascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Based on the plant fossil record, which of these events likely occurred most recently?

rise and diversification of angiosperms

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. Which of the following characteristics would best support your identification of the organism as a plant and not an alga?

It is surrounded by a cuticle.

The observation that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b is more consistent with which of the following statements?

The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b

Which of the following statements about the transition from water to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?

The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.

Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate?

Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important.

Which of the following statements about stomata is correct?

Stomata allow gases to diffuse into and out of the plant.

The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following changes?

the ability to grow taller

Select the correct statement about plant life cycles.

At some point in the life cycle of all plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent.

Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes.

Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.

Which of the following is a common feature among liverworts, hornworts, and mosses?

They require standing water for reproduction.

Which of the following is a similarity between bryophytes and seedless vascular plants?

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses?

Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

The graph summarizes the results of Richard Bowden's study showing the effect that the presence or absence of moss had on the amount of nitrogen in soil. Which of the following conclusions would be best supported using the data?

The absence of moss increases the amount of nitrogen in soil.

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into __________.

a sporophyte

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the __________.

sporophyte

Which of the following characteristics is found in heterosporous plants?

two types of sporophylls

Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?

flagellated sperm

The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following changes?

the ability to grow taller

The life cycles of all plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms and single cells. Which of the following forms are both diploid?

zygotes and sporophytes

Among all plants, which of the following characteristics is unique to gymnosperms and angiosperms?

the production of seeds

The closest algal relatives of land plants are __________.

charophytes

What is the process by which a trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor?

descent with modification

A life cycle that exhibits alternation of generations includes the following:

multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms

In plants, the ________ produces haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by mitosis, whereas the ________ produces haploid spores by meiosis.

gametophyte; sporophyte

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a __________.

diploid sporophyte

All seed plants _____.

are heterosporous

The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.

pollen

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________.

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

Which of the following plant structures most directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?

male gametophyte

Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants?

protection from drying out

Which of the following functions is an advantage of seeds compared to spores?

containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"?

The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated.

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?

Megaspores or microspores

In gymnosperms, megaspores develop into __________.

female gametophytes

Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is correct?

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following develops before the others after fertilization occurs?

megaspore

Which of the following answers arranges the structures found on male pine trees from the largest structure to the smallest?

sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei

Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?

They are pollinated by animals.

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.

flowers

Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?

ovules

Which of the following structures directly produces the fruit of angiosperms?

female sporophyte

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

double internal fertilization

Which of the following arranges the structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm?

carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg

Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms?

They are pollinated by animals.

Some understory plants in dense tropical rain forests have very large leaves. Which of the following is the most likely selective advantage of these leaves?

Increased leaf surface area maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis under low light intensity.

Which of the following describes an anatomical difference between roots and leaves?

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

a meristem cell near the root tip

Which of the following accurately describes meristematic plant cells?

Meristematic cells are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells.

In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?

vertically in height

Root apical meristems are found

in all roots.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap toward the stem?

zone of cell division —> zone of elongation —> zone of differentiation

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What should you conclude about the plant?

It is a monocot.

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of a leaf?

stomata can occur on both sides of a leaf

Which of the following is a common feature of secondary xylem and cork cells?

they are both composed of dead cells at maturity

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?

in young branches where leaves are forming

Wood is the accumulation of what cell types?

secondary xylem

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

woody eudicot

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

cell elongation.

Which one of the following played a critical role in water absorption necessary for the successful colonization of land by plants?

mycorrhizae

How does the same cell differ if it is a flaccid cell compared to a turgid cell?

The flaccid cell has lower pressure potential.

Which process provides the main force driving water within xylem vessels?

evaporation of water through stoma

Plants adapted to arid environments are described as which of the following?

xerophytes

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport?

Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down.

Plant hormones act by directly affecting the activities of __________.

signal transduction pathways

Auxins frequently interact with other plant hormones to cause a particular process. Which of the following processes is attributed only to auxin?

phototropism

Which of the following hormones primarily function(s) to regulate plant cell division?

cytokinins

Which one of the following hormones stimulate(s) rapid stem elongation (straight growth) and pollen tube growth?

gibberellins

Which hormone prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable for the growth of the plant?

Abscisic acid

Shoots can be characterized as which of the following?

positive for phototropism and negative for gravitropism