Skull/facial muscles

Coronal suture

between frontal/parietal bones

Frontonasal suture

between frontal/nasal bones

Frontal sinuses

part of paranasal sinuses

Orbital part

Forms roof of orbit; frontal bone

Sagittal suture

between L/R parietal bones

Inferior/superior temporal line

attachment site for temporalis muscle; parietal bone

Petrous part

houses tympanic cavity > location of auditory ossicles; temporal bone (green area)

Squamous suture

between temporal/parietal bones

Mandibular fossa

articulates with mandible (TMJ)

Zygomatic process

articulates with zygomatic bone forming zygomatic arch

Mastoid process

attachment site of sternocleidomastoid and other neck muscles

Temporal styloid process

attachment site for stylohyoid ligament (connects styloid process to

hyoid bone) and muscles of tongue and pharynx

Carotid canal

passageway for internal carotid artery

External acoustic meatus

ear canal

Internal acoustic meatus

passageway for facial nerve (CN VII) and

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Jugular foramen

passageway for internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve

(CN IX), vagus nerve CN X), and accessory nerve (CN XI)

Foramen magnum

passageway for medulla oblongata and spinal cord, and L/R

vertebral arteries

Hypoglossal canal

passageway for hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Occipital condyle

articulate with atlas to form the atlanto-occipital joint –

diarthrotic synovial condylar joint

External occipital protuberance

attachment of trapezius muscle

Superior nuchal line

attachment of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Lambdoid suture

between occipital/parietal bones

Sella turcica

houses pituitary gland

Medial and lateral pterygoid processes

attachment site for medial/lateral

pterygoid muscles (mastication)

Lesser wings

form part of anterior cranial fossa; contain optic canal

Greater wings

form part of middle cranial fossa and orbit

Sphenoidal sinuses

moisten inhaled air and give resonance to voice

Foramen rotundum

passageway for maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN

V2)

Foramen ovale

passageway for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Foramen lacerum

foramen shared with temporal and occipital bones

Foramen spinosum

passageway for middle meningeal artery and vein

Optic canal

passageway for optic nerves (CN II)

Superior orbital fissure

passageways for oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear

nerve (CN IV), ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V1), and abducens

nerve (CN VI)

Crista galli

attachment site for cranial dural septa to help stabilize brain within

skull

Ethmoidal sinuses

lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, and give resonance to

voice (green area)

Superior and middle nasal conchae

increase airflow turbulence in nasal cavity

so air can be adequately moistened and cleaned by nasal mucosa

Orbital plate

forms part of medial wall of the orbit; ethmoid bone

Perpendicular plate

forms superior part of nasal septum

Cribriform (olfactory) foramina

passageway for olfactory nerve (CN I)

Nasal bones

form bridge of nose

Lacrimal bones

contain lacrimal fossa

Inferior nasal conchae

increase airflow turbulence in nasal cavity

Palatine bones

horizontal plate which forms part of the hard palate

Frontal process

articulates with frontal bone

Maxillary process

articulates with maxilla

Temporal process

articulates with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch

Ala of vomer

articulates with the sphenoid bone

Vertical plate

articulates with perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Alveolar process of Maxillae

houses the teeth

Maxillary sinus

lightens bone

Palatine process

forms part of hard palate

Zygomatic process

More lateral side of zygomatic bone; part of temporal bone; lateral side of zygomaticotemporal suture

Alveolar process of mandible

houses the teeth

Coronoid process of mandible

attachment of temporalis muscle; protuberance opposite mandibular condyle

Condylar process with head of mandible

articulates with temporal bone toform the temporomandibular joint

Mental protuberance

forms the chin

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

the articulation between the head of the mandible and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone anteriorly and mandibular fossa posteriorly; Diarthrotic, synovial hinge and plane joint

Auditory ossicles

3 tiny bones in petrous part of each temporal bone are for hearing

Hyoid bone

located between the mandible and larynx

Epicranius - Frontal belly

moves scalp, eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of forehead

Epicranius - Occipital belly

lower back of the skull

Procerus

between the eyebrows; above the glabella

Nasalis

Nasal bones

Depressor anguli oris

Chin area; depresses the mouth at an angle

Depressor labii inferioris

Chin area; frowner

Levator labii superioris

Controls lip movements; extends vertically; most medial

Buccinator

compresses cheek; holds food between teeth during chewing

Mentalis

protrudes lower lip; most medial chin muscle

Orbicularis oris

compresses and purses lips

Risorius

retracts corners of mouth, as in a closed mouth smile; below buccinator

Zygomaticus major

elevates corner of the mouth – smile; next to zygomaticus minor

Zygomaticus minor

elevates corner of the mouth – smile; next to levator labii superioris

Corrugator supercilii

pulls eyebrows inferiorly and medially pulls eyebrows inferiorly and medially

Orbicularis oculi

closes eye; produces winking, blinking, squinting

Temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible; mastication

Masseter

elevates and protracts mandible; mastication

Sternocleidomastoid

Unilateral action: lateral flexion, rotation of head to opposite side; bilateral action: flexes neck

Sternohyoid

depresses hyoid bone