Category 2 Forest Pest Control

The Worker Protection Standard Only applies to persons who actually handle pesticides.

False

General-use pesticides are not covered by the WPS?

False

What is the name of the publication that provides information to help you comply with the WPS?

The EPA manual (How to comply with the worker protection standard for agricultural pesticides.

When does a worker become a pesticide handler?

Entering a greenhouse or other enclosed area after application and before the inhalation exposure level listed on the product label has been reached or one of the WPS ventilation criteria have been met.

What three items does an employer where pesticides are applied need to display in an easily seen, central location?

1. EPA WPS Safety poster

2. Name, address, and telephone number of the nearest medical facility.

3. Specific information about each pesticide application from the time the application begins until 30 days after the restricted-entry interval (REI)

What is the exception to the location of the above information when the treated area is a forest?

If the workplace is a forest, you may display the information near the forest. It must be in a location where workers and handlers can easily see and read it and where they are likely to gather or pass by.. For example, you might display the information with the decontamination supplies or at the equipment storage shed.

Which form of training does not meet WPS standards?

Use of EPA WPS worker training materials for handlers.

Decontamination supplies must be located within _________mile of all workers and handlers.

1/4

What is the exception to the location of the above decontamination supplies when the treated area is a forest?

If the workplace is a forest and the tasks are performed more that 1/4 mile from the nearest point reachable by vehicles, the decontamination supplies may be at the access point.

What information must be supplied to the victim and medical personnel in the case of a suspected unsafe exposure to a pesticide?

1. Product name, EPA registration number, and active ingredient.

2. All First aid and medical information from the label.

3. Description of how the pesticide was used.

4. Information about the victim's exposure.

Why is a good pest control decision usually a compromise?

Many factors- such as crop, pest biology, degree of damage, and possible effects on the environment-Must be considered and prioritized before choosing a control strategy.

Which of the following is not a component of scouting trees?

Search for a single pest at each inspection.

what is the thing you should do when you detect the presence of a pest?

Identify the organism

How would you go about identifying an insect pest found on a tree?

Collect a sample of the pest and look at it under magnification. Check it against a book with pictures and descriptions. If you are still uncertain, submit the sample to your local extension center for identification.

What is the Threshold level?

The threshold level is the point at which the pest or its damage becomes unacceptable.

What IPM practice manipulates the environment to make it more favorable for plants and less favorable for pests?

Cultural management

What IPM Practice depends on natural enemies of pests?

Biological management

Biological control organisms are not affected by pesticides.

False

The effectiveness of a pesticide application is related to?

All the above

Why is it important to evaluate the results of IPM management strategies?

To determine if the strategies were effective.

Which of the following methods of application mixes the pesticide into the soil using tillage equipment?

Soil incorporation

What are some of the factors that influence the choice of pesticide application method?

Nature and habits of the target pest, the site, the pesticide, available equipment, cost, efficiency.

Water-soluble herbicides applied using the cut-stump treatment should be applied?

In a ring containing the sapwood and the bark

A double girdle with a chain saw will prevent sprouting.

False

What is "thin lining" when applying a herbicide?

Involves applying a horizontal thin line of undiluted herbicide completely around the target tree's trunk, usually at breast height (4.5 feet or 1.4 m above the ground)

High Pressure sprayers:

Increase spray drift

It is hardest to maintain uniform pressure when using a?

Backpack sprayer

Tree injectors treat several trees at the same time

False

Granular applicators are designed primarily for

Soil application

Microinjectors can be both passive and active application devices

True

What does selectivity mean in reference to herbicides?

Herbicide selectivity refers to choosing a product to meet the specific type of weeds you must control. Some herbicides only control grasses, other only broadleaved plants, and others are nonselective, meaning they will kill all vegetation they contact.

What does preemergence control by herbicide refer to?

Controls weeds as the same seeds germinate

The amount of herbicide required per acre to obtain effective control, Too little will result in lack of control; too much will result in environmental or plant damage

Application rate

Equipment must be properly calibrated to ensure the proper application rate.

Equipment calibration

Because of differences in anatomy and physiology, some plants are more affected by herbicides than others.

Targeted vegetation

Soils with high clay or organic matter contents require a heavier application rate of residual herbicide than coarse-textured sands or gravelly soils.

Soil-site characteristics

Cool and cloudy weather following application of foliar herbicides will reduce their effectiveness. Lack of rain following soil-application of herbicides may allow weeds to grow and germinate before they herbicide movement into the soil solution. Heavy rain, however, may leach the herbicide from the upper soil or wash it to low-lying areas. in both cases the herbicide is less effective and may damage nontarget plants.

Weather conditions

Perennial grasses and weeds are more easily controlled than annual weeds and grasses with preemergence herbicides?

False

Generally speaking, during which season will TSI herbicides be least effective?

Spring

What three elements make up the plant disease triangle?

1. Susceptible host

2. Infective pathogen

3. Favorable environment

A plant that is resistant to one pathogen is resistant to all pathogens?

False

Physical evidence of a disease or insect attack from direct observation of the causative agent or its parts.

Sign

The changes in the appearance or growth of a host in response to some casual agent?

Symptom

The majority of forest tree diseases are caused by?

Fungi

Many forest disease can be controlled?

Before infection starts

The primary sign associated with fungi-cauing pine needlecast diseases is?

Small black fruiting structure bearing conidia

Canker diseases not only disfigure a tree, they also create entry points for?

Wood decay

Which is not true concerning oak wilt?

White and bur oaks are more susceptible than red or black oaks.

Which management strategy is not suitable for planted forest stands?

Plant fast-growing, nonnative seedlings

What are the diagnostic symptoms of Dutch elm disease?

1. Wilting, yellowing, and then browning of leaves, and drying up of foliage on affected portions of the crown.

2. Diseased branches develop brown streaking in the wood that is evident when the bark is peeled back.

3. Vectors breed only in weakened, dying, or dead elms with tight bark.

The environment applies many pressures-i.e., natural controls-that limit the abundance or distribution of pest species.

True

Give an example of a natural biotic control that could lessen the effects of a forest insect pest.

1. insectivorous vertebrates such as rodents, skunks, and birds.

2. Predaceous insects such as ladybird beetles, ground beetles, ants, and lacewings.

3. Parasitic wasps and flies.

4. Insect diseases caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Give an example of a cultural control that could lessen the effects of a forest insect pest.

1. Proper site selection that ensure vigorous tree growth

2. proper species selection

3. proper thinning

4. adjustment of harvest age

5. Sanitation removal of dead and dying trees.

What symptom or sign is not associated with the emerald ash borer?

Adults are metallic green and slender but they are smaller than the width of a penny.

Name the vector of Dutch elm disease

European elm bark beetle

Small, pointed protrusions from swollen twig tissue?

Horned oak Gall

Unsightly webs enclosing host foliage

Fall webworm; Possibly eastern tent caterpillar with large populations

Adult beetles emerge from D-shaped holes in the bark of low-vigor oak trees from late may to mid-September

Twolined chestnut borer

Have more than five pairs of prolegs as opposed to other caterpillars that have two to five pairs?

Pine sawfly

Typical symptom includes the presence dime-sized, whitish or reddish brown globs of resin and boring dust called "Pitch Tubes"?

IPS bark beetle

What three things determine a pesticide's environmental fate?

1. How and where it enters the environment

2. How long it lasts.

3. Where it goes

The predominant degradation pathway of a pesticide in soil and aquatic sediments is _______________________.

Microbial

Soil half life, DT50, measures _____________ of a pesticide in soil?

Persistence

A pesticide's soil half life can be affected by?

All the above

The higher the water solubility value, the more soluble the pesticide.

True

The adsorption of a pesticide in soil _____________as its solubility increases?

Decreases

The groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) is a function of?

Soil half life and sorption coefficient

A pesticide with a low GUS will have a __________ potential to move toward groundwater?

Low

The dosage of poison that kills 50 percent of the test animals with a single application of the "pure" pesticide for a given weight of animal?

LD50

The longer the persistence, the better the possibility for a pesticide to move from where it was applied?

True

The chemical combination of a substance with oxygen?

Oxidation

The WPS requires you to provide information about exposure, protection against exposures and ways to mitigate exposures related to pesticides if?

You are an agricultural pesticide user or an employer of agricultural workers or pesticide handlers.

The WPS covers what groupings of pesticides?

Both General use and restricted use pesticides.

Where will you find out if a product is covered by the WPS?

In the Directions for use section of the pesticide labeling.

If you are using a pesticide product with labeling that refers to the Worker Protection standard, you must comply with the WPS?

True

The WPS requires employers to take steps to protect what two types of agricultural employees?

1. Workers

2. Pesticide Handlers

You should put worker decontamination supplies in areas being treated or under an REI

False

Unless specified in the directions for use, Workers must be notified either __________ or by ____________about areas where pesticide applications are taking place or where restricted entry intervals are in effect.

1. Orally

2. the posting of warning signs at entrances to treated areas.

The periodic inspections of natural forests or plantations for pests?

Scouting

The uniform application of a pesticide to an entire area?

Broadcast application

Directs pesticide to the leafy portions of a plant?

Foliar application

Places pesticide directly on or in the soil rather than on a growing plant?

Soil application

Is the use of tillage equipment to mix the pesticide with the soil.

Soil Incorporation

Is application of a pesticide beneath the soil surface?

Soil Injection

Directed at the lower 18 inches of stems and trunks that are less than 6 inches in diameter?

Basal sprays

Herbicides used for basal spraying are generally applied in ______ carriers

Oil

Broadcast applications are generally most effective in intensively managed areas, such as Christmas tree plantations.

True

Directed sprays are a good choice for minimizing pesticide contact with the crop or with beneficial insects.

True

Foliar sprays can be applied from the time of spring leaf out until first frost in the fall.

True

Soil application is generally used for delivering _________ Fungicides and insecticides to target trees

Systemic

Directed sprays are a good choice for minimizing pesticide contact with the crop or with beneficial insects.

True

Foliar sprays can be applied from the time of spring leaf out until first frost in the fall.

True

Soil application is generally used for delivering _________ Fungicides and insecticides to target trees

Systemic

These treatments are made to the freshly cut stump surfaces.

Cut stump treatment

You should treat stump surfaces with water based herbicides within how may hours?

2-3

Cut surface treatments are recommended when trees are ________ or more in diameter and are usually more effective than basal bark sprays on plants this size or larger?

4"

When treating cut stumps with water soluble herbicides, The critical area of the stump that must be treated to prevent sprouting is?

Sapwood

When treating cut stumps with a herbicide mixed with a petroleum product, you should treat?

The entire stump

In situations where immediate treatment of stumps is not possible you should use a herbicide in what carrier?

Oil carrier

when treating stumps that are exhibiting a spring "sap flow", What carrier should be used with a herbicide?

Oil carrier