Carbohydrates 2

what is a intermediary metabolism

Glycolysis

what are the 3 steps of glucose catabolism

1)conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

2) Citric acid cycle

3)Oxidative phosphorylation

what is the main goal of glycolysis

converstion of glucose to pyruvate

What does glycolysis link with ATP

has a intial investment of 2ATP

what does the payout phase of glycolysis mean

-production of 4 ATP(2 net ATP since needed 2 in beging)

-Production of 2 NADH

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is what kind of metabolism

Intermediary metabolism

what is the intermediate step between glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

what are the products of Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

produces 1 NADH/pyruvate OR 2NADH/glucose

-produces 2 CO2/glucose

what happens in the citric acid cycle

Acetyl-CoA oxidized to CO2

what are the important. things that yield from citric Acid Cycle

-2 GTP(ATP

-6 NADH ( 2x more then in glycolysis )

-2 FADH2

what is generated in oxidative phosphorylation

-ATP from NADH and FADH

How much ATP is generated from NADH in oxidative phosphorylation

2.5 ATP

How much ATP is generated from FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation

1.5 ATP

What are the 4 first intermediary metabolism

1) Glycolysis

2) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

3) citric acid cycle

4)Oxidative phosphorylation

what are the key points of the Intermediary metabolisms

-that glucose is oxidized to CO2

-overal yields ATP (32/glucose)

what happens in gluconeogenesis

pyruvate converted to glucose

is Gluconeogenesis the same as glycolysis explain

Nearly the same but still diffrent

-Enzymes replaced at 3 steps (helps regulate pathway)

-requires 6 ATP equivalents (glycolysis=2)

what is glycogen degradation also called

glycogenolysis

what happens in Glycogen degradation/ glycogenolysis

-Glycogen phosphorylase break (a1-4) bonds

-Releases glucose-1P

-Debranching enzyme breaks (a1-6)

what bonds break (a1-4) bonds

glycogen phosphorylase

what bond breaks (a1-6)

Debranching enzymes

what is another word for glycogen synthesis

glycogenesis

What does glycogen synthase do

It elongates (a1-4) chains

Glycogen synthase uses

-uses UDP-glucose as precursor

-UDP glucose formation requires input of 2 ATP equivalents

what bonds does Glycogen branching enzymes form

(a1-6) bonds

• makes more (a1-4) chains

What happens during Glycogen synthesis

-increases sites for synthesis and degradation

-makes glycogen more water soluble

Glucagon is a what

Hormone

Where is Glucagon secreted

it is secreted by pancreas in response to low blood glucose

How does Glucagon raises blood glucose

-increases Gluconeogenesis

-increases Glycogen degradation

-Decreases synthesis

how is Insulin secreted

By pancreas in response to high blood glucose

How does insulin lower blood glucose

-Decreases Gluconeogenesis

• Decreases Glycogen degradation

-Increases Glycogen synthesis

-Increases glucose uptake by peripheral tissues

What are the step of microbial degradation

1) Attachment

2) Hydrolysis

3) Fermentation

what percent of bacteria attach to feed particles

70%

Do fungi also attach in microbial degradation

yes

what do protozoa do in microbial degradation

they ingest particles

why is attachment/ingestion of microbes good

It makes it easier to hydrolyze carbohydrates

what happens in Hydrolysis

Polysaccharides are broken down to oligosaccharides then di-/mono- saccharides

why is breaking down polysaccharides into smaller thinsg ot easy in hydrolysis

because of the structure of the cell wall

what does hydrolysis require

cooperation of

-cellulose digesters

-Pectin & hemicellulose digesters

-cellobiose &other oligosaccharide digesters

how effecient is hydeolysis

Slow and insomplete

What is the percentage of diestibility of cell walls why is this important

less than 50% in herbivores (if could digest more would be able to produce more milk grow better if could eat cell wall)

In hydrolysis why is it slow and incomplete

caused By:

-low SA if plant particles

-lignin in cell wall

why is SA so important in hydrolysis

because untreated cellulose is fermented slowly 5-8%

**espose more SA=faster digestion)

why is Finely ground cellulose good

because it can be fermented quickly

Why is ligin important in hydrolysis

-Strongly related to digestibility of fiber

-physically shields cell wall from hydrolytic enzymes (doesnt allow cell wall to break down)

What are 2 solutions for Lignin

• genetically engineereed or artificially selected to have less lignin

what is an example of a solution for Lignin

HarvXtra- a gene for ligini biosynthesis knocked out

-causes 10-15% less lignin

• 10-15% higher fiber digestibility

what is the process of fermentation

1) glucose is converted to pyruvate

2) pyruvate converted to short chain FA like CO2 H2 methane

cost between 2-4 mol ATP/mol glucose,plus extra for methane

what is Malabsorption of sucrose

-where intestinal absorption of carboydrates usually less than 90%

when is sucrose usally poorly digested

poorly digested and absorbed in young animals

• produce little sucrase

• Diarrhea

**problem when desiging nursery diest for piglets

what is Malabsorption of lactose

when Lactose is poorly digested and absorebed in older animals

what are the effects of Malabsorption of lactose

-produces little lactase

-diarrhea

-some humans are exception

what is diabetes mellitus

High blood glucose caused by inability to produce or respond to insulin

what is type 1 diabetes

Loss of the insulin producing b cells in panceras

-Common-T cell mediated autoimmune attacks on B cells

What is type 2 diabetes

-insulin insensitivity of body tissues involving insulin receptor

-caused By: poor diet,obestity, genertics

What is Gestational diabetes

-Results form insulin insensitivity of body tissues during gestation only

** most commone type of diabetes in domestic animals

what is rumen acidosis

-occurs in ruminants abruptly transitioned from forage to. grain

-Lactate accumulates in rumen

PH in rumen drops below 5.2

what Bacteria causes Rumen acidosis

Proliferation of Steptococcus bovis

what are some traits about Steptococcus bovis

-Causes rumen acidosis

-Fast doubling time

produces lactate

-Acid tolerant

What are some effects of Rumen acidosis

-metabolic acidosis (low PH spread throught body

-hemoconcentration (water pulled form blood into rumen create equalibrium)

death

How do you treat/prevent Rumen acidosis

-slow adaptation to high grain diet

what does slow adaptation to high grain diet do

-Allows Megasohaera elsdeni to increase

what does Megasohaera elsdeni do

Cosumes lactate

*** But does not grow well belo PH=5.6

what is Laminitis

Inflammation of the manine of the hoof in horses and ruminants

majior cuase of lameness

What is Depressed milk fat

it is observed for ruminants fed diets low in fiber

what can cause Depressed milk fat

-Rumen acidosis

-Laminits

-Reduced energy intake

Does flucose catabolize to CO@ and ATP via glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle

yes but also in oxidative phorylation

what are the 3 pathways used for glucose metabolism

Gluconeogenesis

glycogen degradation

glycogen synthesis

what 2 thinks control glucose metabolism

Isulin and Glucagon

WHat are the 3 steps for microbes to degrade feed

1) attatchment

2) hydrolysis

3)fermentation

what are the 6 abnormalities in metabolism

1) malabsorbtion of surcose

2)malabsorbtion of lactose

3)diabetes

4) rumen acidsis

5) laminitis

6) depressed milk fat