rad100 studyguide

Acronym

A word or abbreviation formed from the initial letters of a group of words (e.g., MRI, ARRT, ASRT).

Eponym

A medical term named after a person (e.g., Hodgkin disease, Alzheimer disease).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (lowest to highest)

1. Physiological needs, 2. Safety needs, 3. Love and belonging, 4. Esteem, 5. Self-actualization.

Subjectivity

Information based on a person's feelings, opinions, beliefs, or personal experiences.

Objectivity

Information based on facts that can be observed or measured.

Four primary word parts in medical terminology

Prefix (modifies beginning), Root/Combining form (basic meaning), Suffix (indicates condition/procedure), and Combining vowel (connects parts, usually 'o').

Critical thinking

The ability to analyze information, evaluate evidence, and make logical decisions rather than accepting information without question.

Simple conflict

The easiest type of conflict to resolve, typically caused by a misunderstanding or lack of information.

Physiologic needs

Basic physical necessities required for survival, such as oxygen, food, water, sleep, and elimination.

Suffix -itis

Inflammation (e.g., arthritis).

Suffix -ic

Pertaining to (e.g., cardiac).

ARRT

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists; certifies and registers qualified medical imaging professionals and establishes standards for practice.

ASRT

American Society of Radiologic Technologists; professional organization supporting radiologic technologists through education, advocacy, and standards.

JRCERT

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology; accredits educational programs in radiography and radiologic sciences.

UNLV Radiography Program Accreditation status

Accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT).

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Oncology

The branch of medicine dedicated to the study and treatment of cancer.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organ

A structure composed of two or more types of tissues working together to perform specific functions.

Musculoskeletal system components

Bones, muscles, joints, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Suffix -logy

Study of (e.g., radiology).

Single highest cost category in healthcare

Personnel and labor costs.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on statistical mortality patterns.

Life expectancy comparison by gender

Women generally have a longer average life expectancy than men.

Mortality

Death, or the statistical rate of death within a population.

Morbidity

Illness, disease, or the rate of disease within a population.

Epidemic

A disease outbreak occurring at a rate significantly higher than expected in a specific community or region.

Pandemic

An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting a large population.

Percentage of hospital technology today that did not exist $10$ years ago

Approximately $50\%$.

Anatomic position

Standard posture: standing upright, facing forward, head elevated, arms at sides, with palms and feet facing forward.

Sagittal plane

Anatomic plane dividing the body into left and right portions.

Coronal (frontal) plane

Anatomic plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Transverse plane

Anatomic plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Anterior

Anatomic term meaning toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Anatomic term meaning toward the back of the body.

Food item containing naturally occurring radioactive potassium-40

Bananas.

Two primary categories of radiation

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Types of ionizing radiation

X-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons.

Types of non-ionizing radiation

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, and most ultraviolet radiation.

Discoverer and year of discovery of X-rays

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in $1895$.

Developer of the early practical fluoroscope in $1896$

Thomas Edison.

Radiography

The process of producing diagnostic images using X-rays.

Radiographer

A healthcare professional trained to perform X-ray imaging procedures.

Radiograph

The image produced using diagnostic X-rays.

Radiologist

A physician specialized in interpreting medical images and diagnosing medical conditions.

Origin of diagnostic X-rays

Man-made, produced inside an X-ray tube.

Tachycardia

An abnormally fast resting heart rate, generally exceeding $100\,\text{bpm}$ in adults.

Bradycardia

An abnormally slow resting heart rate, generally below $60\,\text{bpm}$ in adults.

Primary gas expelled during exhalation

Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).

Age group with highest sensitivity to ionizing radiation

Children, particularly young children.

Impact of patient age and culture on healthcare interactions

Age and culture shape communication styles, expectations, personal space, eye contact, and understanding of care.

Easiest and most convenient method to prevent disease transmission

Hand hygiene and handwashing.

Optimal patient care

Providing safe, respectful, effective, patient-centered care while protecting dignity, privacy, and well-being.

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) / Nosocomial infection

An infection acquired by a patient while receiving care in a healthcare facility.

Four major components of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Anatomical differences between male and female urinary systems

The male urethra is longer, passes through the penis, and carries both urine and semen; the female urethra is shorter and carries urine only.

Characteristics of effective listening in healthcare

Paying attention, maintaining eye contact, avoiding interruptions, asking clarifying questions, and offering constructive feedback.

Combining form nephr/o

Kidney (e.g., nephrology).