KIN150 Midterm 1

Motivation

the internal processes such as your needs, thoughts, and emotions that give your behaviour energy and direction. Internal or external forces that produce the initiation, intensity, and persistence of behaviour. THE REASON YOU DO THE THINGS YOU DO

Direction

situations that an athlete/exerciser seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to (gym, team sport, walking group, swimming, etc)

Intensity

how much effort

Persistence

maintaining intensity over a continuous period. The more motivated we are, the more persistent we will be

Interactionist Approach to Motivation

Personal factors and situational factors come together and interact resulting in participant motivation

Personal factors

personality, needs, ability, interests, goals

Situational factors

leader-coach style, social factors, win, loss record, rewards/punishment

What factors do motivation theories focus on?

social affiliation, attachment/relationships, growth or mastery, sensation seeking, self esteem

What key elements do motivation theories share?

competence (are they feeling capable of completing certain tasks?) and feedback (what is coming back to the person, how do they take that in, how does it impact their motivation)

Five types of Motivation Models in Sport and exercise

1. Transtheoretical Model of Change

2. Theory of Planned Behaviour

3. Social Cognitive Theory

4. Self-Determination

5. Achievement-Goal Theory

Transtheoretical Model

one of the 5 motivation models in sport and exercise. focused on explained exercise behaviour, not so much sport. Consists of 5 steps that will either result in continual engagement of this behaviour or end in relapse and quitting

What are the 5 stages of change in the transtheoretical model?

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance or relapse

Precontemplation

a stage in which individuals do not reconsider exercising in the next six months. May be demoralised about ability to change, defensive about social pressures, or uninformed of current lifestyle and health

Contemplation

a stage of change in which individuals are considering exercising in the next six months

Preparation

a stage of change in which individuals have taken small steps toward becoming more physically active. They are exercising, but not regularly enough to confer major benefits (less than 3x/week)

Action

a stage of change in which individuals have begun exercising regularly in the past six months (3x/week)

Maintenance

a stage of change in which individuals exercise and have done so for more than six months. Has high intrinsic motivation for exercise, have a coping plan

Coping plan

identifying challenges they might face that could stop them from exercise and identify what they could do to combat those challenges. Then put the plan into action if it arises

Relapse/stable lifestyle

a stage of change after maintenance that either ends in quitting or maintaining a stable lifestyle (exercising for 5 years)

How do people move from one stage to the next in the transtheoretical model of change?

three factors; self-efficacy, decisional balance, processes of change

Self-efficacy

one of the three factors allowing people to move to the next stage in the transtheoretical model of change. belief in one's ability to be able to perform a behaviour to see benefits. Higher self-efficacy = higher chance to engage in plan

Decisional balance

one of the three factors allowing people to move to the next stage in the transtheoretical model of change. Weighing the advantages and disadvantages of behavioural changes

Process of change

one of the three factors allowing people to move to the next stage in the transtheoretical model of change. Strategies that individuals use to progress through the stages of change. There are two ways; experimental/cognitive and behavioural

Experimental/cognitive strategies in the Process of Change in the Transtheoretical Model

strategies that can help people modify their thought patterns about exercise. Ex. teaching about health issues, evaluating consequences of exercise

Behavioural strategies in the Process of CHange in Transtheoretical Model

specific behaviours to help change their exercise behaviour or to prevent relapse. Ex. changing the environment by putting running shoes at the door or driving straight to the gym from work. Also includes rewards and accountability

How do you prevent relapses in the transtheoretical model of change?

expect nad plan for lapses, develop coping strategies, avoid "should" and move to "want", identify situations that put you at risk, don't view temporary relapse as catastrophic

Theory of planned behaviour

one of the 5 motivation models in sport and exercise. Personal and social factors influencing intention to engage in that behaviour. Suggests that intentions are the primary predictors of behaviour (intensions = attitudes + subjective norms + perceived behavioural control)

Intentions

attitudes + subjective norms + perceived behavioural control. A person's readiness to perform a behaviour

Behavioural Attitude

one of the three factors influencing intentions which determine motivation. positive or negative beliefs about exercising. Ex. belief that physical activity will enhance health, physical appearance, social interactions, takes time, etc

Subjective Norms

one of the three factors influencing intentions which determine motivation. How others perceive exercise and how that impacts us. Perceived social pressures to exercise.

What are subjective norms made up of?

your perception that others think exercise is positive + your motivation to comply with their opinion

Perceived Behavioural Control

one of the three factors influencing intentions which determine motivation. Behaviour is perceived as voluntary. If someone feels like they have high perceptions of their ability to perform the behaviour, they are more likely to engage in the activity

Intention Behaviour gap

there is massive gap between what people say they want to do (and what they think they are doing) and what people actually do

Why is there an intention-behaviour gap?

emotions get in their way, unconscious cognitive processes (hard to break bad habits). Haven't actually tested intentions and behaviour in diverse populations so it is under speculation

Is the theory of planning behaviour still relevant?

we haven't tested in diverse population (mainly white, young, privileged, upper class, hetero, cis men) so do intentions actually correlate to motivation? Some think it is no longer relevant due to the intention-behaviour gap.

Action and Coping Plan

designed to help people implement their intentions and needs to help close the intention-behaviour gap

Action Plan

specify when, where, and how to implement intended behaviour (ex. Sleeping in workout clothes)

Coping plan

anticipate difficulties that might derail your physical activity plan and generate behavioural or cognitive responses to overcome them

Social Cognitive Theory

one of the 5 theories/models to look at motivation. the personal, behavioural, and environmental factors that affect and determine behaviour

Reciprocal determinism

all factors (personal, behavioural, environmental) all influence and are in a reciprocal relationship with each other

The Six Social Cognitive Theory Constructs

OGOESBS. Observational Learning, Goals, Outcome Expectations/Expectancies, Self-Regulation, Behavioural Capacity, Self-Efficacy

Observational Learning

individuals learning and acquiring behaviours by watching others in their environment. An environmental factor

Goals

ambitions that direct people's behaviour. Personal Factor

Outcome Expectancies/Expectancies

behaviour is a function of its expected positive and negative consequences. Our motivation is determined by outcome expectancies of the behaviour. Ex. going to the gym because you think you will feel good afterwards. Personal factor

Self-Regulation

our behaviour is self regulated, self monitored, and self evaluated within an approach to reach our goals. Personal Factor

Behavioural Capacity

behaviour is dependent on the individual's knowledge and skills. They are less likely to engage in exercise behaviour if they have limited knowledge. Personal Factor

Self-Efficacy

beliefs in one's capabilities to organise and execute the course of action required to produce given attainments. To be motivated, people must believe in their ability to organise and execute the course of action required to achieve those goals. Situational and specific to an event or sport

What are the two primary things influencing motivated behaviour in social cognitive theory?

self-efficacy beliefs (situational self confidence) and outcome expectations (what outcome does the person expect based on specific actions impacted by self-efficacy beliefs)

Self-Confidence

a general feeling of trust in one's abilities, qualities, and judgement

Self-Efficacy Theory

one of the theories underneath social cognitive theory. Suggests that performance accomplishments vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, physiological and affective state can change an individual's self-efficacy beliefs

Performance Accomplishments

one of the four sources of self-efficacy. aka past accomplishments/past performances. Most dependable information; the most powerful effect for sport and exercise. Ex. i signed up for a 10k because i have ran a 10 k before, their self efficacy to train is high

Vicarious experiences

one of the four sources of self-efficacy. watching someone else accomplish the skill associated with development of and change in self-efficacy including imagery and use of target similarity. "If they can do it, i can do it too"

Verbal Persuasion

one of the four sources of self-efficacy. Less powerful. Feedback from reputable, significant, or knowledgeable others

Physiological and Affective States

one of the four sources of self-efficacy. Physical and emotional cues associated with performance and behaviour. Ex. noticing that HR and breathing is a lot harder, makes you feel good that you are pumping your blood so self-efficacy goes up. Ex. spin class and you work yourself to the point of nausea, self efficacy goes down because you question whether or not you can actually succeed

What are the three things affecting outcome expectancies and expectations?

physical, social sanctions, people adopting personal standards

Self-Determination Theory

one of the 5 theories of motivation, a global theory of human motivation and development. Has five sub theories; goal contents theory, causality orientations theory, cognitive evaluation theory, organismic integration theory, and basic psychological needs theory

Organismic Integration theory

one of the self-determination theories. suggests motivation is best understood as multidimensional concept along a continuum with three primary divisions; amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation

Amotivation

absence of motivation. Stems from lack of competence, belief that activity is unimportant, or no correlation between behaviour and desired outcome

Extrinsic motivation

not self determined. Contains external regulation, introject regulation, threshold of autonomy, identified regulation, and integrated regulation

External regulation

behaviour is controlled by constraints or rewards. Performing an activity to receive a reward or avoid a punishment "i was motivated to sign up for the 20k because they are giving away nice running shirts"

Introjected Regulation

activity is engaged in to avoid negative emotions. Person takes in (external source) a value but does not accept it as their own. "I work out to keep an attractive physique with the goal of impressing others"

Threshold of Autonomy

point in with motivation turns from "i should do this" to "i want to do this" In between introject and identified regulation

Identified Regulation

behaviour is valued, deemed important, and is done out of choice but still for extrinsic reasons. "Being healthy is valued so I exercise, the benefits of sport are important to me"

Integrated Regulation

activity is personally important and directed toward a valued outcome. Becomes a part of one's sense of self

Intrinsic Motivation

self-determined. Behaviours people engage in to feel competent and self determined. It is enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, or self-rewarding.

What tasks are people intrinsically motivated by?

tasks that demonstrate competency, individuals have control over, are fun, challenging and provide excitement

Basic Psychological Needs Theory

one of the theories of self-determination theory. For an individual to experience the highest levels of intrinsic motivation on a task, they need to have 3 psychological needs fulfilled; competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Competence

the need to feel effective at achieving desired outcomes

Autonomy

the need to perceive that one has choice and are in control of one's own behaviour

Relatedness

the need to authentically connect with others and feel involved in the social context

What is the purpose of understanding motivation?

to help improve behaviour, start new activities, maintain activities, change when necessary, stop old habits, sustain behaviour change

Achievement goal theory

one of the 5 theories of motivation.focuses on differences in how individuals evaluate competence and define success and failure

What does achievement goal theory consider?

person's achievement goals, person's perceived ability, motivational climate, resultant achievement behaviour

Achievement goals + perceived ability = motivational climate = achievement behaviour

Motivational Climate

a combination of achievement goals and perceived ability which will result in achievement behaviour.

Achievement Goals

there are two goal dispositions; outcome goals and task-oriented goals

Outcome Goals

one of the two goal dispositions of achievement goals in achievement goal theory. Aka ego goals. Focus on normative social comparison and being better than others is the primary source of motivation. If they lose they feel as though they have low ability

Task oriented goals

one of the two goal disposition of achievement goals in achievement goal theory. Aka mastery goals. Focus on self-improvement and personal mastery. It is not tied to comparison and failure to beat opponent does not necessarily lead to decrease in motivation or perceived ability

What are the values of task orientation goals

aka mastery goals. Beating others is often out of your control, can feel successful when losing and less likely to be drop in motivation, growth mindset

What are the possible dangers of High Ego Orientation

high ego orientation + low perceived ability = maladaptive behaviours.

Perceived Motivational Climate

athlete's perceptions of achievement goals promoted by significant others like coaches and parents

Task or Mastery-based Climate

emphasis on mastery learning, effort individual improvement, and cooperation tend to evolve a task involvement

Ego or Outcome-based Climate

environments that stress interpersonal competition, winning, and social comparison tend to evoke ego involvement

Perceived Task/Master Climate

higher competence, confidence, intrinsic motivation, autonomy, positive attitudes, better performance

Perceived Ego/Performance Climate

norm-referenced competency evaluations, negative effect, amotivation, antisocial, no or negative relationship with performance

Sport and Exercise Psychology

interdisciplinary scientific and applied field embracing integration of sport science and psychology knowledge. Often influenced by cognitive, clinical, counselling, physiological, social, developmental, and health psychology

What is sport and exercise psychology often influenced by?

cognitive psychology, clinical and counselling psychology, physiological psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, health psychology

Influence of positive psychology

facilitated shift from clinical to social and health

Positive psychology

focuses on understanding processes that enable people and groups to thrive. Has the ability to improve performance/exercise enhancement, well-being, and positive psychological growth

What are the three approaches to positive psychology?

emotional, cognitive, behavioural

What are the ABCs in psychology?

affect/emotions, behaviour, cognition these are the keys of psych and are all interconnected.

Situational factors influencing performance

coaching/leaders, teammates, opponents, referees, organisation, fans, significant others, equipment, weather

Personal factors influencing performance

personality, physical skills and abilities, identity, cognitive skills, emotional regulation, appraisals, personal expectations, physical self-concept

Who can be considered to be a sport and exercise psychologist?

PHD, clinical training, specialised training in sport science and training in interventions, targeting sport and exercise

What is a mental skill consultant?

an individual with training in psychology and kinesiology but they do not have a PhD and are not a clinically doctored sport psychologist

EBP

evidence-based practice. Created with three things; clinical expertise, best research evidence (to minimise harm), and patient values and preferences (context, cultural background, etc)

Scientific Constructs

specifically defined terms that have been created for a scientific purpose. Terms created for a scientific purpose to distinguish from related but distinct ideas (like aggression)

Variable

a scientific construct that can be assigned a specific value to be counted.

Independent variable

variable or part of the experiment the researcher manipulates. (cause)

Dependant variable

aka outcome variable (outcome) that is expected to change as a result of manipulating the independent variable