Study guide #3-sensation and perception

What are the 5 main senses?

Hearing, vision, touch, smell, taste

Why is perception and sensation part of psychology?

Process of identifying objects and events in the world to move and take action

How does sensation and perception contribute to study of behavior?

In order to behave in world we need to know what's out there

What is sensation?

When physical energy produces change in receptors "I see a spot of light “

What is perception?

Sensations that are interpreted and organized to give meaning to objects or event "I see the moon “

What is transduction?

Conversion of physical energy into electrical energy in nervous system

What are different ways to measure perception?

Phenomenological methods and psychoanalysis

What is the field of psychoanalysis?

Psychology by Freud

What is detection?

What is the weakest stimulus we can detect? The absolute threshold

What is discrimination?

What is the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that we can differentiate

What is absolute threshold?

Absolute minimum level of stimulus that can be detected

What is action potential?

electrical signal carried by neuron

When do neurons fire action potential?

When neuron is stimulated, doesn't get stronger it fires faster

Definition that action potential is all or none event?

Its always the same size , same change in electrical potential, it either occurs or not

How does Webers law apply to discrimination?

The just noticeable difference in the intensity of a stimulus is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus

What do the terms refer to signal detection theory?

A way to measure sensitivity bias

Hit / correct

Signal is present and said yes said

Miss/incorrect

Signal present and said no its not

False alarm / incorrect

Signal not present and said yes it was

Correct rejection / correct

Signal not present and said no

What is adaptation?

The response to a stimulus decreases (adapts) when stimulus remains constant

What is visual stimulus?

Electors magnetic energy - energy emitted or reflected from of objects in form of electromagnetic waves

What are properties of waves in vision?

Wavelength= different colors

Amplitude = large is bright and short is dim

What is apparent motion?

Rapidly presenting series of still images animation) can produce perception of motion

What are motion after effects?

Adapt to motion in particular direction

What is opponent process theory of color vision?

Colors work in opposite pairs such as red vs. Green afterimages)

What is trichromatic theory?

We see all colors by combining signals from three types of color receptors

What is blind spot?

No receptors because it is bundle of neurons there fore no detection

How do the relative distribution of Reyes and cones across the retina affect our vision?

The number of buggies represent how far you are from the fovea fovea equals or cones at 0° as you move away number of cones drops and fovea in peripheral

What is the fovea?

Small point in the center of retina, the greatest sensitivity

What Is accommodation?

When viewing objects nearby muscles attached to lens contact the ones’s

bulges and focuses image on retina

What are the two types of light receptors?

Cones and rods

Where are the light receptors of the visual system located?

The retina is made up of receptor cells on the back of the retina

What is the Auditory stimulus?

Pressure waves: Vibrating sound source that causes area of high and low pressure to radiate outward through the air

What are the properties of Sound waves?

Amplitude is related to loudness the higher is loud

Frequency is related to pitch. The closer together waves are as higher.

Where does transduction occur in the auditory system?

Occurs in inner hair cells in cochlea

How do we perceive pitch? What is Place theory?

We can identify what frequency is present by looking at what place on basilar membrane is vibrating the most

When inner hair cells are damaged, what Occurs?

Transaction cannot occur. Certain frequencies cannot be heard.

How do we perceive visual depth or how far away an image is from us?

Ocular motor cues: convergence of eyes and accommodation

What is the McGurk effect? How does this demonstrate sensory integration?

Visual and auditory information is combined interpreted to yield the most plausible perception

Information is integrated to process senses

What is perceptual constancy?

We perceived characteristics of objects as constant even though physical stimulation produces changes

What is gestalt psychology and what are some of the principles?

How do we determine how far sounds are from us?

Directions to relevant energy ratio: The closer, the sound the loud, the direct sound will be compared with the reflected sounds

What Auditory binaural Who do we use to identify the direction of sources?

1. Intensity cues, which ear left or right?

2. Timing cues, Which year will it get to first?

3. Distance perception

What are parts of the eye?

Pupil, cornea, lens, optic nerve, fovea

What Is monocular depth cues?

what are binocular depths cues?

What are the stages of visual information processing?

1. Physical energy enters eye from reflection source

2. Physical energy is transduced to normal energy also transmitted to other nervous system

3. Brain gives meaning to information and neural signals