Geography mock revision

What is development?

→ The process of improving the economic, social and political well-being of a country.

2. What is the standard of living?

→ The level of wealth, comfort and access to services experienced by people in a country.

3. What is GNI per capita?

→ The total income earned by a country's people and businesses, divided by the population.

4. What is life expectancy?

→ The average number of years a person is expected to live.

5. What is literacy rate?

→ The percentage of people aged 15+ who can read and write

6. What is HDI?

→ Human Development Index — a composite measure of development using health, education and income.

7. What is an NEE?

→ A Newly Emerging Economy — a country experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialisation.

8. What does a high HDI indicate?

→ A generally high level of development and quality of life.

9. What is the relationship between development and employment sectors

→ As countries develop, employment generally shifts from primary → secondary → tertiary sectors

10. What are the three main indicators used in HDI?

→ Life expectancy, education and GNI per capita.

11. Why is Nigeria important globally?

→ It is a NEE, has a large population, significant natural resources and one of Africa's largest economies.

12. Why has Nigeria's economy grown?

→ Oil exports, foreign investment, manufacturing, services and international trade.

14. What is Shell?

→ A transnational corporation (TNC) involved in Nigeria's oil industry.

14. How does Shell benefit Nigeria?

→ Provides jobs, investment, tax revenue and infrastructure/community projects.

15. What are the negative impacts of oil extraction in Nigeria?

→ Oil spills, water pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction and damage to farming/fishing.

16. Why does Nigeria still have poverty despite its oil wealth?

→ Unequal distribution of wealth, corruption, regional inequality and dependence on oil.

17. What is the Niger Delta?

→ The oil-producing region in southern Nigeria where much of the country's oil extraction occurs.

18. What is the main environmental problem caused by oil extraction in the Niger Delta?

→ Oil pollution, which damages ecosystems and reduces the productivity of farming and fishing.

19. What is primary data?

→ Data collected first-hand by the researcher.

20. What is secondary data?

→ Data collected by someone else, such as census data, maps or government statistics.

21. What is quantitative data?

→ Numerical data that can be measured or counted.

22. What is qualitative data?

→ Descriptive data, such as opinions, observations or photographs.

23. What is systematic sampling?

→ Collecting data at regular intervals, such as every 10 metres along a transect.

24. What are the four main processes of coastal erosion?

→ Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution.

25. What is hydraulic action?

→ Waves force air into cracks in the cliff, increasing pressure until rock breaks apart.

26. What is abrasion?

→ Rocks carried by waves are thrown against the cliff, wearing it away.

27. What is attrition?

→ Rocks carried by waves collide with each other, becoming smaller and smoother.

28. What are the main processes of transportation by waves?

→ Longshore drift, traction, saltation, suspension and solution.

29. What is longshore drift?

→ Sediment is moved along the coastline by swash moving up the beach at an angle and backwash moving straight down.

30. What are the main types of weathering affecting coasts?

→ Mechanical, chemical and biological weathering.

31. How does a wave-cut platform form?

→ Erosion creates a wave-cut notch → the cliff becomes unstable and collapses → the cliff retreats → a flat wave-cut platform is left.

32. How does a cave become an arch, stack and stump?

• Crack: Waves force air into cracks in a headland through hydraulic action.

• Cave: The crack gets wider and deeper until a cave forms.

• Arch: The cave erodes through the headland, creating an arch.

• Stack: The arch roof collapses, leaving an isolated pillar of rock.

• Stump: The stack is eroded and collapses, leaving a short stump.

33. What is deposition?

→ The laying down of sediment when a wave loses energy.

34. What are the main factors affecting erosion rates?

→ Rock type, geology, wave energy, fetch and weather conditions.

35. What is hard engineering?

→ Coastal management using artificial structures, such as sea walls, groynes and rock armour.

36. What is soft engineering?

→ Working with natural processes, such as beach nourishment and managed retreat.

37. What is the upper course of a river like?
    
    

→ Steep gradient, narrow/shallow channel, large angular load and vertical erosion.

38. What is the middle course like?

→ Gentler gradient, wider/deeper channel and more lateral erosion.

39. What is the lower course like?

→ Very gentle gradient, widest/deepest channel, large discharge and mainly deposition.

40. What is a V-shaped valley?

→ A steep-sided valley formed mainly by vertical erosion and weathering in the upper course.

41. What is a river's drainage basin?

→ The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

42. What is infiltration?

→ The movement of water from the ground surface into the soil.

43. Where is Nigeria located?

→ In West Africa, on the Gulf of Guinea.

44. What type of country is Nigeria?

→ A NEE (Newly Emerging Economy).

45. What is one major economic benefit of TNCs such as Shell?

→ They bring foreign investment and employment into Nigeria.

What is precipitation?

Water that falls from the atmosphere to the earths surface: Rain, Snow, Hail

How is a meander formed?

A meander forms when a river flows over a gentle slope. Faster water erodes the outer bank by hydraulic action and abrasion, while slower water deposits sediment on the inner bank. This makes the bend grow larger over time.