Unit 1 Review

Portolani

Navigational maps based on compass directions and estimated distances.

Timbuktu

West African city known as a center of trade and Islamic learning.

Afonso de Albuquerque

Portuguese naval commander who established Portuguese control in the Indian Ocean.

Yucatan Peninsula

Region in southeastern Mexico, historically home to the Maya civilization.

Tordesillas

1494 treaty dividing the non-European world between Spain and Portugal.

Cortés

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire.

Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

Encomienda

Spanish labor system granting landowners native laborers to work the land.

Columbian Exchange

Global transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.

Moluccas

Islands in Indonesia known as the 'Spice Islands,' highly desired by European traders.

lateen sails with square rigging

Ship design combining triangular sails for maneuverability and square sails for speed.

The VOC

Dutch East India Company, a powerful chartered trading company.

Sonni Ali

Founder of the Songhai Empire in West Africa.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch Christian humanist who criticized church corruption in 'Praise of Folly'.

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, based in Zürich.

Edict of Nantes

1598 decree granting religious tolerance to French Protestants (Huguenots).

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement allowing German princes to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for their lands.

Edward VI

English king who instituted significant Protestant reforms during his short reign.

Paul III

Pope who initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation and convened the Council of Trent.

Council of Trent

Ecumenical council that reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and reformed abuses during the Counter-Reformation.

Philip II

Catholic king of Spain who led the Counter-Reformation and fought the Dutch revolt and England.

Peace of Westphalia

1648 treaty ending the Thirty Years' War and establishing state sovereignty in Europe.

Louis XIV

Absolute monarch of France, known as the 'Sun King' (reigned 1643-1715).

Ivan IV

First Tsar of Russia, known as 'Ivan the Terrible' for his centralized, brutal rule.

James I

First Stuart king of England, known for his belief in the divine right of kings.

Puritans

English Protestants who sought to 'purify' the Church of England from Catholic practices.

Oliver Cromwell

English military and political leader who ruled as Lord Protector during the Commonwealth.

James II

Catholic English king whose overthrow in the Glorious Revolution led to a constitutional monarchy.

Bernini

Italian Baroque sculptor and architect, famous for works like 'Ecstasy of Saint Teresa'.

Baroque style

17th-century European art and architecture style characterized by ornate detail, drama, and grandeur.

Yongle

Ming Emperor who sponsored maritime voyages under Zheng He and rebuilt Beijing.

Li Zicheng

Chinese rebel leader whose uprising helped trigger the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.

Kangxi

Long-reigning Qing Emperor who expanded China's borders and promoted cultural arts.

Qianlong

Qing Emperor under whom territorial expansion reached its peak.

Janissary

Elite infantry force loyal directly to the Ottoman Sultan.

Nerchinsk

1689 treaty establishing the border between the Russian Empire and Qing China.

Saikaku

Japanese poet and novelist known for his popular fiction of the floating world.

Ronin

Masterless samurai during the feudal period.

yangban (in Korea)

The traditional ruling class or gentry during the Joseon Dynasty.

Nguyen Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of Vietnam, ruling from 1802 to 1945.

Ptolemaic view

Geocentric model of the universe placing Earth at the center.

world-machine concept

Newtonian view of the universe as a vast, regulated machine operating by natural laws.

Rococo style

18th-century artistic style emphasizing grace, ornamentation, and light pastel colors.

Seven Years War

Global conflict (1756-1763) involving major European powers, often called the first global war.

Yorktown

1781 battle where British forces surrendered, effectively ending the American Revolutionary War.

Joseph II

Enlightened absolutist Habsburg emperor who enacted sweeping reforms.

Catherine the Great

Enlightened Empress of Russia who expanded its territory and modernized administration.

a nation in arms (in France)

Concept of mass conscription and total mobilization during the French Revolution.

Malacca

A strategic trade city in Southeast Asia that was a key port for the spice trade and a center of commerce in the 15th century.

Marco Polo

Italian explorer and merchant known for his travels to Asia, particularly China, and his accounts in "The Travels of Marco Polo."

John of Plano Carpini

A Franciscan monk and early traveler who was one of the first Europeans to journey to the Mongol Empire, providing valuable accounts of his experiences in Asia.

Vasco da Gama

A Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia via the ocean route.

Bartolomeu Dias

A Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route to Asia.

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese explorer known for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, proving it was possible to sail west to reach the East.

Amerigo Vespucci

An Italian explorer and cartographer who is credited with mapping the coast of South America and whose name inspired the term "America."

Montezuma

The ninth emperor of the Aztec Empire who ruled during the early 16th century, known for his confrontation with Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés.

Tenochtitlan

The capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco, and known for its intricate canals and impressive architecture.

La Noche Triste

The night in 1520 when Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernán Cortés, were forced to retreat from Tenochtitlan after a surprise attack by Aztec warriors, resulting in significant losses.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Martin Luther

German monk and theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 with his Ninety-Five Theses.

John Calvin

French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Matteo Ricci

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.

Elizabeth Tudor

Queen of England; ascended throne in 1558 also known as the "virgin" Queen

Queen Mary

Catholic leader who had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake (Bloody Mary)

Osman I

Founder of the Ottoman Empire

Muhammad II

Ottoman ruler and military leader who captured Constantinople in 1453

Suleiman I

The leader of the Ottoman Turk Empire during the high Renaissance.

Frederick William

The "Great Elector" who built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society.

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. William and Mary

English Bill of Rights

Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights.

Safavids

A Shiite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.

Shah Ismal I

Founder of Safavid empire

Shiite

a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Shah Abbas I

Presided over the Safavid Empire at its height; his troops included solders - janissaries - from as far northwest as Georgia in Russia; called Abbas the Great

Babur

First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India.

Humayun

The son of Babur and his successor as ruler of the Mughal Empire. He also helped enlarge the empire.

Akbar

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.

Jahangir

Son of Akbar he was the "Grasper of the World." He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau.

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra)

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Maratha Wars

Three wars fought in the Indian sub-continent between Maratha Empire and the British East India Company

Francis Xavier

This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity

Act of Seclusion

when Tokugawa shogunate closed Japan to foreign trade for 200 yeaars

Japanese literature

Urban fiction, haikai and haiku, nohs, bunraku

Yi Songgye

famous military general and the founder of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Issac Newton

British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings

Renee Descartes

a scientist that believed that science should be based on science and math and not religion

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Immanuel Kant

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses

Rousseau

Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of science and art instead of its improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler