General Anatomy

Anatomy

the science of the structure of the body

sagittal plane

divides the entire body or a body part into right and left segments

midsagittal plane

plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves

coronal plane

passes through the body vertically from one side to the other and divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments

midcoronal plane

passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves

midcoronal plane can also be referred to as this..

midaxillary plane

horizontal plane

passes crosswise through the body or a body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis and divides the body into superior and inferior portions

oblique plane

can pass through a body part a any angle

interiliac plane

transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process

occlusal plane

formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closes

the two great cavities of the torso

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

what can be found within the thoracic cavity?

pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart, and great vessels

what can be found in the abdominal cavity?

peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels

what can be found in the pelvic portion of the abdominal cavity?

rectum, urinary bladder, parts of the reproductive sysemt

4 clinical divisions of the abdomen

quadrants

4 quadrants of the abdomen

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

What is Quadrant A.?

Right Upper Quadrant

What is Quadrant B.?

Left Upper Quadrant

What is Quadrant C.?

Right Lower Quadrant

What is Quadrant D.?

Left Lower Quadrant

how are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen made?

the midsagittal plane and a horizontal plane intersect at the umbilicus and created the 4 quadrants

another way to divide the abdomen, made by using four planes, two horizontal, and two vertical

nine regions

9 regions o the abdomen

right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, right lateral, umbilical, left lateral, right lateral, hypogastrium

what is #1 of the abdominopelvic region?

right hypochondrium

what is #2 of the abdominopelvic region?

epgastrium

what is #3 of the abdominopelvic region?

left hypochrondium

what is #4 of the abdominopelvic region?

right lateral

what is #5 of the abdominopelvic region?

umbilical

what is #6 of the abdominopelvic region?

left lateral

what is #7 of the abdominopelvic region?

right inguinal

what is #8 of the abdominopelvic region?

hypogastriun

what is #9 of the abdominopelvic region?

left inguinal

common variations in the shape of the human body are

body habitus

why is body habitus important to radiography?

it determines the size, shape, and position of the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

what parts of the body are directly affected by the body habitus?

heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, galbladder

the four major types of body habitus

sthenic, asthenic, hyposthenic, and hypersthenic

85% of the population have either …

sthenic or hyposthenic

average body habitus

stenic

organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic- most difficult to classify

hyposthenic

extremely below average habitus; heart nearly vertical at midline, long lungs, and stomach medial and low in pelvis when standing

asthenic

above average habitus; heart is axial nearly transverse, short lungs near clavicles, and stomach is high/transverse in the middle

hyperstenic

surface landmarks

what radiographers use to obtain radiographs of optimal quality consistenly for a wide variety of body types

TEA

Top of Ear Attahcment

C1

Mastoid

C2,C3

gonion( angle of mandible)

C3, C4

hyoid bone

C5

thyroid cartilage

C7, T1

vertebra prominens

T1

approximately 5 cm (2 ins) above level of jugular notch

T2, T3

level of the jugular notch

T4, T5

level of sternal angle

T7

level of inferior angles of scapulae

T9, T10

level of xiphoid process

L2, L3

inferior costal margin

L4, L5

level of superior aspect of iliac crests

S1, S2

level of anterior superior iliac spin (ASIS)

coccyx

level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters