GOL106 Exam #2!

T/F: The view that species change little during most of their existence and then evolve rapidly into new species is called punctuated equilibrium.

True

T/F: The Ediacaran fauna of Australia includes many examples of organisms with hard shells and internal body parts.

False. The Shelly fauna of Australia includes many examples of organisms with hard shells and internal body parts.

What rock types are found along passive continental margins?

Sandstone, shale, and limestone

The presence of a reef indicates which kind of past environment?

Warm, shallow sea

T/F: Cyclothems are the same as sequences

False. Cyclothems are made up of sequences

What did the amniotic egg free reptiles to do? How were amphibians limited by not having one?

It freed them to colonize land. Amphibians were limited b/c they had to return to the water to lay their gelatinous eggs.

T/F: The development of seeds allowed plants to grow flowers.

False. Seeds allowed plants to provide nutrients for the next generation.

Rocks that were formerly part of Laurentia are now mostly in _______

North America

T/F: The Acadian orogeny was accompanied by the closing of the lapetus ocean.

True

What three groups dominated the Cambrian invertebrate community?

Trilobites, brachiopods, archaeocyathids

Describe Trilobites

Most conspicuous, make up 1/2 total community, benthonic, mobile, sediment-deposit feeders that crawled or swam on the seafloor.

Describe Brachiopods

Mostly primitive, 2 types (articulates and inarticulates), both are benthonic, sessile, suspension feeder

Describe Archaeocyathids

Benthonic, sessile, presumably suspension feeders that constructed reef-like structures

What was the dominant reptile during the Early Permian? Who dominated the landscape for the rest of the Permian?

Pelycosaurs and then Therapsids

T/F: Plankton are passive and go where the currents take them.

True

A chordate is an animal that has? Which phylum does a chordate belong to?

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits. Phylum chordata

T/F: Coal is a detrital (clastic) rock.T/F:

False. Coal is a bioclastic sedimentary rock

__________works on variations in populations, most of which results from shuffling of genes from generation to generation during sexual reproduction.

natural selection

Jellyfish are

pelagic plankton

Relatively stable, immobile parts of continents that form the foundation on which Phanerozoic sediments were deposited are____

cratons

____was a global ocean surrounding Pangaea.

Panthalassa

T/F: Platforms and cratons make up continental shields.

False. Platforms and shields make up cratons.

The ____ hypothesis states that widespread glaciers covered Earth and froze the seas during the Proterozoic.

Snowball Earth

How do amphibians and reptiles differ?

Skull structure

jawbones

ear location

limb and vertebral construction

How and when were Burgess Shale Biota preserved? Why are these fossils significant?

As the Sauk Sea transgressed from the Cordilleran Shelf on the western edge of the craton, early Cambrian sands were covered by Middle Cambrian black muds that preserved as carbonaceous impressions. Significant b/c (in 20th century) contains carbonized impressions of soft-bodied animals rarely preserved in the fossil record.

The first skeletal builders of reef-like structures were

Archaeocyathids

When amphibians invaded the land, they had to surmount several barriers. There were 4 that were the most critical. What were they?

desiccation

reproduction

effects of gravity

extraction of oxygen from the atmosphere through lungs

Which three Ordovician fossil groups have proven to be particularly useful for biostratigraphic correlation? Describe each group.

Conodonts- Small, tooth-like fossils composed of apatite. Classified as primitive, jawless animal in phylum chordata.

Graptolites- Planktonic, excellent guide fossils, existed less than 1 million years.

Brachiopods- Benthonic, sessile, suspension feeders

What two sequences were deposited in the early Paleozoic?

Sauk and Tippecanoe

The early atmosphere probably did not contain ____

Oxygen

The opening and closing of an ocean basin is also referred to as ____

The wilson cycle

intra-cratonic deformation

The Ancestral Rockies were unique because they were the only mountain ranges in North America to form ____via

stromatolites

Mound-like structures that represent the remains of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria are ____

carbonates

The most abundant rock type deposited during the Kaskaskian was____

Ordovician

The Great Biodiversification Event occurred during the ____

What are the earliest known and most primitive vertebrates? What age are the rocks these fossils have been found in?

Fish in the lower cambrian

cratons

Relatively stable, immobile parts of continents that form the foundation on which Phanerozoic sediments were deposited are____

Hadean, Archen, Proterozoic

The three intervals, from oldest to youngest, of Precambrian time are the ____

Widespread volcanic and continental fissure eruptions

The most likely way volcanic activity could have directly contributed to the Permian mass extinction is by?

Carbonate sedimentation

What kind of deposition dominated the Mississippian Period for the most part?

benthos, epifauna, epiflora, infauna

Organisms that live on the seafloor make up the ____. They are characterized as ____ and ____ animals and plants that live on the seafloor or as ____ animals that live in and move through sediment.

Craton

Relatively stable, immobile parts of continents that form the foundation on which Phanerozoic sediments were deposited are____

desiccation \n reproduction \n effects of gravity \n extraction of oxygen from the atmosphere through lungs

When amphibians invaded the land, they had to surmount several barriers. There were 4 that were the most critical. What were they?

Condonts, Graptolites and Brachiopods

Which three Ordovician fossil groups have proven to be particularly useful for biostratigraphic correlation

Condonts

Small, tooth-like fossils composed of apatite. Classified as primitive, jawless animal in phylum chordata.

Graptolites

Planktonic, excellent guide fossils, existed less than 1 million years.

Brachiopods

Benthonic, sessile, suspension feeders

Devonian

When did amphibians evolve?

Therapsids

The pelycosaurs became extinct during the Permian and were succeeded by the _____.

Therapsids

Mammal-like reptiles that evolved from the pelycosaur and rapidly diversified into various herbivorous and carnivorous groups

Monera

one-celled bacteria organism that has no nucleus

Protista

a one-celled eukaryotic living organism that is neither a plant/animal or fungi

Fungi

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter

Sessile

means the organism does not move

sediment deposit feeders

taking organic material out of the sediment

Epiflora

a plant that lives on or in the sea floor

Epifauna

an animal that lives on or in the sea floor

Plantae

kingdom of multicellular organisms comprising all plants and uses the sun’s energy to undergo photosynthesis

Animalia

complex, multicelled organisms that lacks cell walls that comprises of animals

Who was the earliest jawed fish and when did they live?

Acanthodians in the Early Silurian

What do reptiles and amphibians differ in?

Jawbone, Skull structure, Ear location and limb and vertebral construction