rheum week 6

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the pathophysiology, microbiology, pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological management, and sports anti-doping regulations related to osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and musculoskeletal injuries.

Osteomyelitis

An infection of the bone.

Septic arthritis

An infection that penetrates the joint capsule.

Hematogenous osteomyelitis

A form of bone infection that reaches the bone via the bloodstream, commonly affecting long bones in patients aged $1$ to $20$ years and vertebrae in adults older than $50$ years.

Contiguous osteomyelitis

A bone infection resulting from the direct spread of microorganisms from adjacent soft tissue, frequently presenting as a polymicrobial infection.

Chronic osteomyelitis

A bone infection lasting more than $14\,\text{days}$, characterized by the presence of sequestered (dead) bone.

Brightman's surgery

A surgical procedure indicated in osteomyelitis to excise infected or dead bone tissue.

Kingella kingae (Kingellakingae)

A causative microorganism in general haematogenous bone infections, predominantly found in children younger than $4$ years of age.

Beta-lactams

A class of bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis causing cell death, exhibiting broad-spectrum activity with primary efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria.

Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)

A class of bactericidal antibiotics active against Gram-positive organisms that inhibit bacterial cell wall cross-linking; they are not absorbed orally, carry ototoxic and nephrotoxic risks, and may trigger Red man's syndrome.

Red man's syndrome

An adverse infusion reaction associated with intravenous vancomycin, managed by extending the infusion duration over a couple of hours and administering antihistamines.

Vancomycin monitoring parameters

Therapeutic drug monitoring targets for vancomycin requiring peak plasma concentrations to remain below $60\,\text{mcg/mL}$ and trough concentrations to remain above $5\,\text{mcg/mL}$.

Lincosamides

A class of bacteriostatic antibiotics, including clindamycin and lincomycin, that inhibit the $50\text{S}$ ribosomal subunit and display activity against Gram-positive organisms and anaerobes.

Acute osteomyelitis antibiotic duration (Adult)

Antimicrobial therapy consisting of $4\,\text{weeks}$ of intravenous administration, with a minimum total duration (intravenous plus oral) of $6\,\text{weeks}$.

Acute osteomyelitis antibiotic duration (Neonate)

Antimicrobial treatment requiring a total duration of $4\,\text{weeks}$, administered entirely via the intravenous route.

Acute osteomyelitis antibiotic duration (Child)

Intravenous antibiotic therapy for $3\,\text{days}$ or until blood cultures are negative, the child is afebrile, clinically improved, and CRP or ESR is decreasing, with a minimum total duration of $3\,\text{weeks}$.

Septic arthritis antibiotic duration (Adult)

Antibiotic regimen administered intravenously for a minimum of $2\,\text{weeks}$, reaching a total treatment duration of $4\,\text{weeks}$ (with gonococcal arthritis treated for a total of $7\,\text{days}$).

Sprain

An acute injury characterized by a stretched or torn ligament, presenting clinically with pain, swelling, bruising, and painful movement.

Strain

An acute injury involving stretched or torn muscle or tendon fibers, presenting clinically with pain, muscle spasm, swelling, difficulty moving, possible deformity, and haematoma.

Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Muscle discomfort and stiffness that typically develops $24$ to $48\,\text{hours}$ following strenuous or unaccustomed physical activity.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

An electrophysical modality utilized for short-term pain relief; contraindicated or requiring significant caution in epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, pacemakers, pregnancy, and labour.

ASADA

The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority, dedicated to doping control, detection, prevention, and the protection of athlete health.

WADA

The World Anti-Doping Agency, the international body responsible for coordinating the global anti-doping movement and managing the World Anti-Doping Code.

WADA criteria for prohibition

The regulatory standard under which a substance or method is added to the prohibited list if it satisfies at least $2$ of $3$ criteria: potential to enhance or enhancement of sport performance, potential health risk to the athlete, or violation of the spirit of sport.

Therapeutic use exemption (TUE)

A formal authorization permitting an athlete to use an otherwise prohibited substance or method to treat a diagnosed medical condition when clinically appropriate.