HST 296 Final

Yom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur). Israel beat back the attackers again

1973 Oil Crisis

When the Arab member countries of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel. Doctored by Jimmy Carter

Yassir Arafat

The PLO leader who called for the destruction of Israel

Black September terrorist attack

Eleven Israelis and a West German policeman were killed in the attack at the 1972 Olympic Summer Games in Munich. In response, Israel ordered its national intelligence agency, the Mossad, to kill senior Black September and PLO operatives.

"They're all gone"

Jim McKay talking about the hostages from the Black September Attack

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Islamic Fundamentalism

A movement among many Muslims to return to the fundamentals of Islamic Faith, Life, and Society.

Modernism/traditionalism

A movement toward modifying traditional beliefs in accordance with modern ideas

Iran-Iraq War

The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution.

Afghan-Soviet War

(1979-1988) a war between the Afghans and Soviets which the Taliban was formed out of.

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-2011) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks. Originally supported by U.S. then assassinated by SEAL team 6

Osama Bin Laden/al Qaeda

international terrorist network, led by Bin Laden; goal to purge Muslim nations of Western influence

First Gulf War

1991, a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations led by the United States and mandated by the United Nations in order to liberate Kuwait.

9/11 Attacks

the U.S. was attacked by the Al Qaeda which resulted in the War on Terrorism and the Patriot Acts

2001 US-Afghan War

Started after the 9/11 attacks, president Bush automatically wanted to strike back against the terrorist organizations that attached the U.S.

2003 US-Iraq War

Worst decision made in 21st century. Response to 9/11. Fraudulently promoted by Bush administration. In the interest of the Military industrial Complex. Election in 2004 helped bush get reelected. Stalemate

Iraq Civil War

A civil war fought mainly between the Iraqi government along with American-led coalition forces and various sectarian armed groups, mainly Al Qaeda in Iraq and the Mahdi Army, from 2006 to 2008.

Arab Spring

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)

Syrian Civil War

An ongoing armed conflict in Syria between forces loyal to the Syrian Ba'ath Party government and those seeking to oust it. The conflict began on 15 March 2011, with popular demonstrations that grew nationwide by April 2011. Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, whose family has held the presidency in Syria since 1971.

Islamic State (ISIS)

- located Syria, Iraq
- R.A.: Abomination to Islam
- want everyone to share their views only on religion/politics by use violence to attempt to accomplish this
- suicide blasts/ overrun villages near Turkey/ bombing temples/ beheading/ hostages/ raping/ mustard gas

Oslo Accords

An agreement in 1993 in which Israeli prime minister Rabin granted Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Israeli settlements in West Bank

Barrier to peace process between Israel and Jordan

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

"The Lemon Tree"

The film describes the legal efforts of a Palestinian widow to stop the Israeli Defense Minister, her next-door neighbor, from destroying the lemon trees in her backyard.

"Tarzan"/"Ramar"

Americanized depictions of African People. Not accurate and quite racist

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Abebe Bikila

1960: Rome
Ethiopian runner who ran marathon barefoot
first black African Olympic champion

"Colonies of settlement"

Many foreigners immigrate there to settle to the extent to which their descendants often become the majority population of that country

Mau Mau Rebellion

the murder of 1,700 Africans and about 100 European missionaries by native Kenyan tribes who resented British intrusion

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Algeria

Formerly held by France, fighting broke out over who would run the country after the French left.

Robert Mugabe

President of Zimbabwe since 1980, very corrupt leading to massive inflation

South African Apartheid

1948-1994 - a system of racial segregation enforced by the government of South Africa

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Soweto photo 1976

Most famous photo from Soweto uprising, depicted police brutality and brought awareness to Apartheid

Miriam Makeba

Known as "Mama Africa", was a popular performer from South Africa.

Cold War in Africa

-nations gained independence after ww2, joined un
-superpowers sent aid to get nations support
-US just wanted to contain communism, supported non communist dictators

Africabn kleptrocreacies/dictatorships

Many dictatorships arose in Africa after the colonizers left

Rwandan genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

"Hotel Rwanda"

A movie about the genocide in Rwanda, started between the Hutus and the Tutsis

Colonial economic relationship

Some colonizers tried to continue trading their former colonies in an attempt to continue exploiting them for their goods

Diamond Curse

Countries where diamonds were found, often very popular among colonizers

Petro-state

A small oil-rich country in which institutions are weak and wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of a few

End to South African apartheid

1990

Springboks

all white rugby team before the end of the apartheid. Many black south Africans resented the team because it symbolized white privilege and the apartheid. After ending the apartheid, Nelson Mandela used the Spingbok team as a symbol to promote national unity and a national identity.

U.S. hegemony in Latin America

U.S wanted latin American countries to be allied with them instead of the Soviet Union. Treated most countries the same diplomatically

Cold War in Latin America

1945-1991, Latin America. Fight against the spread of communism. U.S. involvement was largely characterized by the support of military and financial aid to rightist / non-democratic regimes, or covert operations.

The Tropicana

USA Fruit company that exploited south American countries

Castro Revolution

1959 - A band of insurgents led by Fidel Castro succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan Baptista, and Cuba became Communist.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Neruda

Former Senator of Chile

Cuban Missle Crisis

a stand-off between the US and the Soviets brought by the threat of nuclear weapons

Allende

Democratically elected socialist president of Chile who sees copper as being an important industry & decides to nat'lize it; assassinated by CIA to serve copper interests of US

Pinochet

Military dictator who rules Chile w/ iron fist for 20 yrs & is backed fully by US because he opposes communism; made people disappear

Sandinistas vs. Contras

under Reagan: Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

The use of trade barriers to keep certain products out of one's country so that domestic industry can emerge and produce the same goods.

"Lost Decade"

Economic stagnation in Latin America brought on by domestic policies, the oil crises, and high debt, lasting from the early 1970s to the late 1980s.

Favellas

hillside shanty towns in south america

Bob Marley

Jamaican singer who popularized reggae (1945-1981)

Liberation Theology

A movement within the Catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

Dirty War in Argentina

1976-83. Secret war in the middle of the night. Soldiers took people from their homes and killed them. people try to figure out what happened to their loved ones and Marched every week in the Plaza de Mayo. Cattle prods up butts

Democratic trend in Latin America

Many countries becoming more democratic, there are a few that remain undemocratic

Dependency Theory

A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop.

Latin American Income Disparity

The rich are super rich and the poor live in poverty. Very minimal middle class

Central American immigration to the US

Many central Americans have immigrated to the U.S to flee poverty and search for a job in the worlds greatest democracy.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.