Yersinia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterbacter, and Edwardsiella

What are the three species of yersinia?

• Y. Pseudotuberculosis

• Y. Entercolitica (BSL-2)

• Y. Pestis (BSL-3)

What is the morphology of yersinia?

gram negative coccobacilli that is bipolar in staining with safety pin appearance

What is the selective media for yersinia?

CIN media

Where can yersinia be found in the body?

Macrophages and lymph tissue

What species does Y. Pestis affect?

humans & cats & rodents (PLAGUE)

What is the host of Y. Pseudotuberculosis?

Guinea pigs

What is the host for Y. Enterocolitica?

animals (subclinical) and humans (foodborne enteritis)

What are the two species of enteric yersinia?

Y. Enterocolitica and Y. Pseudotuberculosis

How does yersinia adhere to host tissue?

YadA

How does yersinia evade the immune system?

T3SS → produce Yops → decrease phagocytosis and inflammation by disrupting cytokine production

What cells does yersinia live in?

mononuclear cells

What kind of tissue damage does yersinia cause?

necrosis/suppuration lymphadenitis

What is the vector for Y. Pestis?

Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)

True or False: Cats can transmit Y. Pestis to humans.

TRUE

How are dogs and cats typically infected with Y. Pestis?

hunting infected rodents

What regions are high risk for yersinia pestis?

southwest & western US

What pathogen causes submandibular bubo in cats?

Y. Pestis

In cats, majority of the plague is _______.

bubonic

Why should you be aware of hissing cats in endemic areas in relation in to yersinia?

can be spread through respiratory droplets

True or False: If you suspect the plague, you should not call the lab prior to sampling.

FALSE

How can you diagnose plague?

LN aspirate and cytology with bipolar safety pins rods

How can you treat plague in humans?

doxycycline

True or False: Necropsy should be avoided in patients you suspect have plague.

TRUE

What does Y. Psuedotuberculosis cause in guinea pigs?

septicemia or nodular disease

• caseous nodules in liver spleen and Mesenteric LN

What is the reservoir for Y. Enterocolitica?

pigs in tonsils and oral cavity

Y. Enterocoliticia can grow at refrigeration temperature which makes it a _____.

psychotroph

What are the hosts of enteric yersiniosis? (Y. Enterocolitia and y. Pseudotuberculosis)

sheep, goats and cattle

What does enteric yersiniosis cause?

• suppurative enterocolitis

• Mesenteric Lymphadenitis

• Miliary abscesses in systemic disease

True or False: Enteric yersiniosis may be isolated from healthy feces.

TRUE

What is the morphology of proteus spp.

gram negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, and swarming growth

What are the two important species of Proteus?

• P. Mirabilis

• P. Vulgaris

What type of clinical infections does proteus cause?

UTI in dogs and horses, otitis in dogs, wound infections

How does proteus cause UTI?

fecal contamination with ascending infection

• Urease production to increase urine pH

What kind of uroliths are created as a result of a proteus infection?

struvite uroliths

What is the morphology of Klebsiella spp.?

gram negative rod, lactose fermenter, with large capsule and Mucoid colonies

True or False: Klebsiella is an opportunistic pathogen.

TRUE

What dogs Klebsiella cause in dogs, mares, and cows?

Dogs: UTI, vaginitis

Mares: endometritis, infertility/abortion

Cows: coliform mastitis

Where does Klebsiella live in the host?

Gi and repro tract

What are the important virulence factors of Klebsiella?

capsule and LPS

What are the three risks of K. Pneumoniae infection?

• contamination

• Carrier stallions

• Poor hygeine

What is the morphology of enterobacter spp.?

gram negative rods and lactose fermenters

What does enterbacter spp cause in cows and dogs?

Cows: mastitis

Dogs: UTI / otitis

What enterbacter spp is multi drug resistant and can have emerging resistance during treatment?

E. Cloacae

How can treatment fail after initial success when treating enterbacter spp.?

AmpC B=lactamase expression can turn on and make it resistant to 1st and 2nd gen cephalosporins

What are the two important species of Edwardsiella spp?

E. Tarda and E. Ictaluri

What is the host of edwardsiella?

fish and other aquatic species

Which species of edwardsiella has zoonotic potential?

E. Tarda

E. Tarda is also called:

Red disease

E. Ictaluri is also called:

Hole in Head Disease

What is the disease process of both edwardsiella spp.?

Septicemia and hemorrhagic disease

Which edwardsiella species causes enteric septicemia of catfish?

E. Ictaluri