topic 1

4 types of biological molecules

-carbohydrates

-lipids

-proteins

-nucleic acid

what does organic mean

it means they contain carbon ( can form 4 covalent bonds)

monomers

-small units from which larger molecules are made

-are usually made from carbon

-they can join together in long chains to form polymers

monomers of carbohydrate

monosaccharides

monomers of proteins

amino acids

monomers of nucleic acid

nucleotides

polymers

large molecules made of repeating monomer subunits linked together

polymer of carbohydrates

-polysaccharides eg glycogen

polymer of proteins

polypeptide

polymer of nucleic acid

polynucleotides

condensation reaction

-joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves elimination of the molecule water

-requires energy( supplied by atp)

hydrolysis reaction

breaks down a chemical between two molecules and involves water molecules to break down the chemical bond

releases energy

what are monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.

examples of common monosaccharides

-glucose - galactose -fructose

what does a condensation reaction. between two monosaccharides form

a glycosidic bond

how are disaccharides formed

by the condesation of two monosaccharides

how are maltose formed

is a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules

how are sucrose formed

sucrose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and fructose molecule

how are lactose formed

lactose is a disaccharide formed by condesation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule

what are two isomers of glucose

α-glucose and β-glucose,

what are the sructures of α-glucose and β-glucose,

how are polysaccharides fored

by the condensation of many glucose units

how are glycogen and starch formed

condensation of α glucose.

how is cellulose formed

condensation of β-glucose