Test 3

Where does alcohol metabolism predominantly occur in the body?

Liver

Cytochromes…

Transport electrons in the electron transport chain

All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintain life are referred to as…

Metabolism

Carnitine…

shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria

The energy currency the body uses is

ATP

the citric acid cycle is also know as the

Krebs Cycle

Beta Oxidation is the process by which

fatty acids break apart to form acetyl CoA

which of the following pathways is the major way in which alcohol is metabolized?

Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

oxidative phosphorylation i the process by which…

energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP

When a compound is oxidized it_________ one or more electrons

loses

One essential difference between anorexia and bulimia

is that the person with bulimia turns to food during a crisis or problem, whereas the person with anorexia turns away from food

A factor that can decrease BMR is

consuming a very low-energy diet

By keeping a detailed food diary, the individual who is trying to lose weight can discover

All of these choices are accurate.

Individuals with anorexia have trouble maintaining normal body temperature because of

loss of body fat as insulation

When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy

is stored as fat in adipose tissue

The semi-starvation of anorexia nervosa results in many physiological changes, such as

All of these choices are accurate.

Which of the following genetic disorders would cause a person to have limited fat stores?

Marfan syndrome

An example of an appropriate weight-loss strategy would be a

All of these choices are accurate.

Based on results of long-term studies, people on weight-reduction diets should limit

high-fat foods

A weight-reduction program should be considered successful only when the weight loss

is maintained

At very high intensities of exercise, most of the energy the body uses is supplied by

muscle glycogen

The only fuel that can be used in anaerobic glycolysis is

glucose

Taking iron supplements has been found to benefit athletes

only if they are anemic

In order to build up maximum stores of muscle glycogen for long-distance marathons, one should consume a ________ diet.

high-carbohydrate

The lactate that is made during high intensity exercise is eventually released in the bloodstream and taken up by the ______ and used as an energy source.

All of the choices are correct.

Other than phosphocreatine breakdown, the fastest way to supply ATP to exercising muscle is

anaerobic glycolysis

In low-intensity exercise, aerobic metabolism of glucose will result in

carbon dioxide and water

Prolonged, low intensity exercise uses mainly ______ muscle fibers.

Type I

An adaptation that occurs with exercise, besides improvement in fitness is

increased bone density

The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in

Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE).

Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid are all forms of

vitamin A.

Calcitriol is the

biologically active form of vitamin D.

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin D?

Promoting antioxidant activity

Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because

exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D.

A reliable food source of vitamin D is

fortified milk.

A derivative of vitamin A, 13- cis-retinoic acid (Accutane), is used to

treat serious cases of acne.

Vitamin E functions to

protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals.

Beta-carotene is also called

provitamin A.

Ketones are produced from

acetyl-CoA

Glycolysis is a process involving

reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate

If oxygen is present, metabolism is considered to be

aerobic

In which compartment of the cell does the Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place?

Mitochondria

Oxidation-reduction reactions in the body are controlled by

enzymes

When a compound is reduced it_________ one or more electrons.

gains

Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme form of the vitamin

riboflavin

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

picks up and delivers hydrogens to acceptor molecules

Keeping tempting snack foods stashed in the cupboards or freezer instead of leaving them in plain view, which may trigger unnecessary eating, is an example of

stimulus control

Of the following males, who would most likely have the lowest BMR?

76-year-old

The best predictor of your basal metabolic rate is

your lean body mass

A body mass index of 40 represents

a high risk for health problems

The greatest health risk from frequent vomiting due to bulimia nervosa is

potassium imbalance

Repeated self-induced vomiting may cause

All of these choices are correct.

Lactate from anaerobic glycolysis is transported by the blood to the liver, where it will be

resynthesized to glucose

Variables that determine an athlete's energy needs include

All of these responses are correct.

In high-intensity exercise, such as sprinting, the predominant fuel for exercise is

carbohydrates

When glucose is broken down in an atmosphere where oxygen supply is limited, a 3-carbon compound known as ________ accumulates in the muscle.

lactate

Newborns usually receive an injection of vitamin _________ to protect them against deficiency until the gastrointestinal tract has matured.

K

Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone. The resulting disease is called

osteomalacia

The nutrient essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors is vitamin

K

Which statement correctly describes vitamin A?

All of the choices are correct.

Functions of vitamin D include

absorption of calcium.

Vitamin E is a family of compounds comprised of the

4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols.

Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of

calcium.

The main active form of vitamin D in the body is

calcitriol.

Nutrients most likely to cause toxicity if consumed in excessive amounts include

vitamin A and vitamin D.

Electron transport is the process by which

NADH and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen

Eating a large amount of food in the late evening or eating food in order to fall asleep again once awakened in the night is termed

night eating syndrome.

When energy intake is greater than energy output, body weight generally

increases

When an athlete's maximal performance is desired, carbohydrates are a more efficient fuel than fat because

carbohydrate is oxidized more rapidly than fatty acids

Which of the foods below constitutes the best choice when attempting carbohydrate loading before endurance events?

Spaghetti

The main disadvantage of anaerobic glycolysis in high-intensity muscle contractions is that

ATP production cannot be sustained for long events

For athletes who compete in continuous, intense aerobic events lasting for 90 to 120 minutes (or shorter events repeated in 24 hours),

carbohydrate-loading may benefit performance

In children, bowed legs, an enlarged head, rib cage, and knee joints, and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of

rickets.

An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of

prothrombin.

Beta-carotene

can be converted to vitamin A in the body.

When consumed in recommended amounts, approximately ________ of fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed.

40%-90%

The family of compounds known as vitamin K includes

phylloquinones and menaquinones

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis.

"Hitting the wall" is a term to describe

someone has essentially run out of available carbohydrates for energy