Animal Anatomy and Physiology Practical Examination Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering anatomical terminology, histology, organ systems, and practical exam identifications for skeletal, integumentary, muscular, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive anatomy across avian, monogastric, and ruminant species.

Compact bone

A bone tissue type characterized by a more densely packed bone matrix.

Spongy bone

A bone tissue formed of a meshwork of bony "struts" containing red bone marrow in between.

Long bone

A class of limb bones possessing a shaft with an internal medullary cavity that contains bone marrow.

Short bone

A bone composed of an outer layer of compact bone enclosing a core of spongy bone, lacking a medullary cavity.

Flat bone

A bone structured with an outer layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy bone core with no internal cavity.

Irregular bone

A bone similar in internal structure to short bones (outer compact bone surrounding a spongy core without a cavity) but having a less uniform shape.

Simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of flat cells found lining the lung alveoli and the interior of the heart.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A single layer of cuboidal cells located in terminal bronchioles and renal tubules.

Simple columnar epithelium

A single layer of tall cells located in the uterine tube, uterus, and intestine.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

An epithelial layer that appears multilayered but is actually a single layer of tall cells, found in the trachea, bronchi, and upper respiratory tract.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple layers of flat cells found in the skin, esophagus, oral cavity, tongue, uterine cervix, vagina, and cornea.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Multiple layers of cuboidal cells located in sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands.

Stratified columnar epithelium

Multiple layers of tall cells located in the male urethra and glandular ducts.

Transitional epithelium

Multiple layers of cells that transition in shape from cuboidal to flat, located in the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Epidermis

The outermost cellular covering layer of the body situated directly above the dermis.

Dermis

The layer of skin lying immediately beneath the epidermis that houses hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, nerves, and blood vessels.

Hypodermis

The subcutaneous yellow fatty tissue layer located at the base of the skin beneath the dermis.

Skeletal muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle tissue consisting of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells attached to bones throughout the body.

Smooth muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle tissue composed of spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus, found within the walls of the intestines and blood vessels.

Cardiac muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle tissue composed of branched cells with a single nucleus and intercalated discs, restricted to the heart.

Humerus (Avian Wing)

The proximal long bone located between the shoulder joint and the elbow in the wing skeleton.

Radius and Ulna (Avian Forearm)

The two parallel bones extending alongside one another between the elbow and carpal joint in the avian wing.

Biceps (Avian Wing)

The skeletal muscle located on the cranial/flexor aspect of the elbow in the wing.

Triceps (Avian Wing)

The skeletal muscle located on the caudal/extensor aspect of the arm, opposite the biceps.

Duodenum

The first segment of the small intestine directly exiting the pylorus of the stomach, located adjacent to the pancreas.

Fundus (Stomach)

The dome-shaped cranial-most region of the stomach located above the cardia (labeled "A" in the stomach diagram).

Rumen

The large first fermentation chamber of the ruminant stomach divided into dorsal, ventral, and caudoventral sacs and covered internally by absorption-enhancing papillae.

Reticulum

The cranial ruminant stomach compartment identifiable by its distinct honeycomb-patterned mucosal lining.

Omasum

The spherical ruminant stomach compartment characterized internally by numerous leaf-like muscular laminae.

Abomasum

The glandular "true stomach" of the ruminant where acidic and enzymatic digestion takes place.

Crop (Avian)

An expanded pouch of the esophagus in birds used for storing food before it enters the glandular stomach.

Proventriculus

The glandular section of the avian stomach located between the crop/esophagus and the muscular gizzard.

Gizzard

The thick-walled muscular stomach compartment in birds that mechanically grinds ingestible feed.

Cloaca

The common terminal chamber in birds into which the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems empty.

Aorta

The large systemic artery arching cranially from the left ventricle (labeled "A" in the anterior view of the heart) to supply oxygenated blood to the body.

Pulmonary trunk

The large outflow vessel emerging from the right ventricle (labeled "B" in the anterior view of the heart) that branches into the pulmonary arteries carrying blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins

Vessels returning oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium (labeled "A" in the posterior view of the heart).

Inferior vena cava

The large vein entering the right atrium from below (labeled "B" in the posterior view of the heart), returning systemic deoxygenated blood from the lower body.

Pathway of deoxygenated blood

Cranial and caudal vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs.

Pathway of oxygenated blood

Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta → Body tissues.

Coronary vessels

The blood vessels branching over the surface of the heart that supply oxygenated blood directly to, and drain deoxygenated blood from, the myocardium.

Conducting portion (Airway)

The non-respiratory portion of the airway that filters, warms, and conducts air, extending from the trachea through bronchi and bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles.

Respiratory portion (Airway)

The gas-exchange portion of the respiratory tract starting at the respiratory bronchioles.

Renal pelvis

The central urine collection basin in the kidney (labeled "A" in the bisected kidney specimen) that collects urine from the calyces and conveys it to the ureter.

Renal calyces

Chambers within the kidney (labeled "C" in the kidney specimen) that receive urine draining from the renal pyramids of the medulla and route it into the renal pelvis.

Renal hilus

The medial concavity of the kidney (labeled "E" in the kidney specimen) through which the renal vessels, nerves, and ureter pass.

Ductus deferens

The muscular tube (labeled "DD" in the bull reproductive tract) conveying spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra.

Sigmoid flexure

The S-shaped curve of the penis shaft in the bull that straightens to allow penile protrusion during erection and is retracted by the retractor penis muscles.

Caruncles

Raised, specialized button-like structures on the inner surface of the bovine uterine horns (labeled "B") that serve as maternal attachment sites for fetal cotyledons.

Cervix (Bovine)

The thick-walled, fibrous sphincter organ with internal annular rings located between the uterine body and vagina (labeled "A" in the bovine reproductive tract).