Changing Europe Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Renaissance, the Age of Exploration, and the Protestant Reformation.

Renaissance

The revival of ancient green and Roman ideas from 1350 to 1600.

Humanism

An intellectual movement focused on human potential.

Francesco Petrarch

One of the founders of the humanist movement.

Patronage

Financial support for arts and learning.

Art during the Renaissance

Art that became more realistic and human.

The Medici Family

A family that funded Botticelli, Michelangelo, and Brunelleschi's dome.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Writer who watched Cesare Borgia and based The Prince on him.

Cesare Borgia

A leader who built a state by cunning and force instead of relying on soldiers.

Centralized Monarchy

A system where kings built their own royal army, collected taxes directly from people, and hired officials to run the kingdom.

Albrecht Durer

An artist who trained master artists and spread Renaissance ideas through his essays and art.

Queen Mary

Devout Catholic who tried to reverse her father's teachings; known as Bloody Mary because she had 300 Protestants burnt at the stake.

Protestantism

One of the 3 major branches of Christianity.

Age of Exploration

A period from ~1400 to ~1600, led by Portugal and Spain, that connected Europe, Asia, and Africa, creating the first global empires.

Motives for Exploration

Desires to spread Christianity, gain wealth, and gain fame for nations and explorers.

Exploration Risks

Dangers faced by explorers, including diseases, storms, having no way to find longitude, hostile encounters, and fear of the unknown ocean.

Spain during the Age of Exploration

Nation that wanted gold and silver, conquered large empires, built Catholic settlements, and forced native labor.

France during the Age of Exploration

Nation that wanted fur trade profits, spread Catholicism, and made alliances and trading outposts.

England during the Age of Exploration

Nation that wanted land and profit, built permanent settlements, had conflict with natives, and whose families moved and farmed the land.

The Netherlands during the Age of Exploration

Nation that focused on trade profit, ran a trading empire, took trade posts, and built alliances with natives.

The Columbian Exchange

A system that connected all the world through new networks of trade and exchange, marking the beginning of rapid cultural change.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch priest and humanist who made an edition of the New Testament and a Latin translation of the Bible.

William Shakespeare

The greatest writer in the English language (1564-1616), called the 'bard', who added words to the English language.

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the movable printing press who printed the complete Christian Bible in 1456.

Impact of the Printing Press

Made the production of books faster and cheaper.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Sculptor, painter, and goldsmith with over 20 pieces of surviving work who wrote mirrored, very descriptive, and in Italian.

Renaissance Man

Someone who has many talents, exemplified by Leonardo Da Vinci.

Martin Luther

German middle-class monk who wrote the 95 Theses.

Luther's Key Beliefs

Beliefs that indulgences had no place in the Bible, the Pope had no authority, and Christians should only be saved through faith.

Indulgences

A type of pardon that the church said lessened the sins committed and the time of punishment a soul faced during a lifetime.

95 Theses

A list posted on the door of the church containing arguments against indulgences.

King Henry VIII

English monarch who created the Church of England after the Pope refused him a divorce, and married 6 times.

The Anglican Church

The official church of England, started by King Henry VIII because he wanted a divorce the Catholic Church would not grant.

Queen Elizabeth I

Ruler who combined Catholic and Protestant teachings and made the Anglican Church the official church.