[Unit 5 - Human development and diversity] 3. Local responses to global interactions

Explain two reasons why local communities may resist globalisation. [4]

Reason 1 - Economy: Foreign competition may threaten local businesses [1], encouraging support for domestic products and jobs [1]. Reason 2 - Culture: Global brands may seem to threaten local traditions [1], motivating cultural preservation campaigns [1].

Explain two reasons why communities may oppose TNC activities. [4]

Reason 1 - Pollution: TNC operations may damage local environments [1], threatening health or livelihoods [1]. Reason 2 - Labour: Some supply chains involve poor worker protections [1], encouraging campaigns for higher safety and wages [1].

Explain two ways civil society groups can challenge TNC activities. [4]

Way 1 - Boycotts: Consumers avoid a firm's products [1], placing sales and reputational pressure on it [1]. Way 2 - Campaigns: NGOs publicize harmful labour or environmental impacts [1], encouraging changes by companies or government [1].

Explain how a consumer boycott can influence a TNC. [2]

Avoiding company products can lower sales or damage public reputation [1], putting pressure on the TNC to alter business practices [1].

Explain one benefit and one limitation of campaigns against globalized production. [4]

Benefit: Campaigns expose harmful practices in supply chains [1], sometimes encouraging improved labour and environmental standards [1]. Limitation: Low participation or changing suppliers can reduce their impact [1], allowing damaging practices to continue [1].

Explain why a community may oppose a TNC despite receiving economic benefits from its investment. [2]

Although a TNC provides some jobs, it may also increase pollution or land prices [1], so some residents may experience costs greater than the benefits [1].

Explain why different population groups may have contrasting perspectives on TNC investment. [4]

Group 1 - Employees: New factories offer wages and jobs [1], improving some household incomes [1]. Group 2 - Local shops: Small firms may struggle to compete [1], reducing customers and sales [1].

Define the term local sourcing. [2]

Local sourcing means purchasing goods or materials from nearby producers [1], rather than relying chiefly on more distant international supply chains [1].

Explain two reasons why communities encourage local sourcing. [4]

Reason 1 - Economy: Local purchases support nearby businesses [1], helping sustain local jobs and income [1]. Reason 2 - Resilience: Nearby suppliers may depend less on international transport [1], reducing exposure to some supply-chain disruptions [1].

Explain how buying locally produced food may reduce environmental impacts. [2]

Nearby food may travel shorter distances [1], potentially reducing transport fuel use and emissions compared with identical products shipped long distances [1].

Explain two potential limitations of local sourcing. [4]

Limitation 1 - Cost: Local producers may have higher operating costs [1], making goods more expensive for consumers [1]. Limitation 2 - Availability: Climate or land conditions prevent some local production [1], reducing variety and seasonal supply [1].

Explain why buying locally may not always reduce a product's carbon footprint. [2]

Local goods might require energy-intensive methods such as heated greenhouses [1], potentially causing more emissions than efficiently grown imported products [1].

Explain two ways local sourcing can help preserve cultural identity. [4]

Way 1 - Crafts: Buying traditional goods supports producers [1], helping keep heritage skills and practices alive [1]. Way 2 - Shops: Spending in community businesses helps them survive [1], maintaining distinctive neighbourhood character [1].

Explain two reasons why anti-immigration movements may develop. [4]

Reason 1 - Economic perceptions: Some believe migrants increase competition for jobs or homes [1], raising support for restrictive immigration policies [1]. Reason 2 - Cultural perceptions: Rapid population change may be viewed as threatening local identity [1], encouraging nationalist responses [1].

Explain two ways anti-immigration movements can influence global interactions. [4]

Way 1 - Policy: Pressure may produce tighter visa and border rules [1], reducing opportunities for international migration [1]. Way 2 - Society: Negative attitudes may create exclusion or tensions [1], limiting integration between cultural communities [1].

Explain how immigration may contribute to cultural change in destination areas. [2]

Migrants introduce and maintain new languages, beliefs and practices [1], influencing local identities and cultural landscapes [1].

Explain why communities may have contrasting perspectives on immigration. [4]

Perspective 1 - Employers: Migrants can fill labour shortages [1], supporting economic output and service provision [1]. Perspective 2 - Some residents: People may worry about demand for housing or services [1], supporting stricter migration rules [1].

Define the term protectionism. [2]

Protectionism uses government measures to shield domestic producers from foreign competition [1], such as tariffs, quotas and import restrictions [1].

Explain two reasons why governments introduce protectionist policies. [4]

Reason 1 - Jobs: Limits on imports reduce some competition for local firms [1], potentially protecting domestic employment [1]. Reason 2 - Security: Protecting strategically important industries reduces reliance on foreign suppliers [1], strengthening perceived economic autonomy [1].

Explain how tariffs can reduce international trade. [2]

Tariffs raise the prices of imported products [1], potentially reducing demand for foreign goods and cross-border trade volumes [1].

Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of protectionism. [4]

Advantage: Import restrictions can help local firms maintain production [1], protecting some jobs against foreign competition [1]. Disadvantage: Higher import prices increase costs to buyers [1], reducing purchasing power or raising production expenses [1].

Define the term resource nationalism. [2]

Resource nationalism seeks greater state or national control over natural resources [1], through ownership, licensing, taxes or export controls [1].

Explain two reasons why governments pursue resource nationalism. [4]

Reason 1 - Revenue: Taking a larger share of extraction income [1] can fund public services or infrastructure [1]. Reason 2 - Sovereignty: Limiting foreign control of strategic resources [1] increases state influence over extraction and exports [1].

Explain two potential disadvantages of resource nationalism. [4]

Disadvantage 1 - FDI: Restrictive policies may deter external investors [1], reducing finance or technical expertise [1]. Disadvantage 2 - Trade: Export limits may harm supply to overseas buyers [1], creating diplomatic or economic tensions [1].

Distinguish between protectionism and resource nationalism. [2]

Protectionism attempts to shield domestic industries from imported competition [1]. Resource nationalism increases national control of resources and their benefits [1].

Explain two ways governments can restrict international population movements. [4]

Way 1 - Exit controls: Citizens may need permission to leave the country [1], restricting overseas work or study [1]. Way 2 - Border rules: Visa limits or border closures restrict crossings [1], reducing international mobility [1].

Explain how militia control may restrict participation in global interactions. [2]

Armed groups may control roads or border crossings [1], interrupting travel, trade and contact with places beyond their territory [1].

Explain two ways governments can restrict access to international information. [4]

Way 1 - Blocking: Authorities restrict foreign websites [1], limiting access to outside news or communication [1]. Way 2 - Censorship: Governments control distribution of selected media [1], narrowing available information and perspectives [1].

Explain how internet shutdowns can reduce global interactions. [2]

Shutdowns interrupt international online communication and digital services [1], restricting information exchange, trade and social links [1].

Explain two consequences of restrictions on international communication. [4]

Consequence 1 - Knowledge: Censorship restricts independent external information [1], limiting opportunities to compare perspectives [1]. Consequence 2 - Trade: Businesses cannot reach international suppliers reliably [1], causing delays or loss of sales [1].

Explain why restrictions on information may be difficult to maintain in an interconnected world. [2]

Information travels through numerous cross-border channels and platforms [1], making comprehensive control difficult despite censorship measures [1].

Define the term civil society. [2]

Civil society includes independent organizations and associations pursuing shared public interests [1], such as NGOs, advocacy groups and community organizations [1].

Explain two ways civil society organizations encourage global interactions. [4]

Way 1 - Campaigns: NGOs link supporters across borders [1], enabling cooperation on shared causes [1]. Way 2 - Information: Civil society networks publish and circulate reports internationally [1], increasing awareness of conditions elsewhere [1].

Explain the concept of international-mindedness. [2]

International-mindedness means understanding global interdependence and different cultural perspectives [1], encouraging cooperation, respect and informed global participation [1].

Explain two ways social media can support civil society campaigns. [4]

Way 1 - Awareness: Posts spread information quickly across countries [1], attracting attention and possible supporters [1]. Way 2 - Organization: Online platforms coordinate campaign actions [1], enabling dispersed groups to cooperate [1].

Explain two limitations of social media as a tool for civil society campaigns. [4]

Limitation 1 - Restrictions: Platform blocking or shutdowns prevent communication [1], disrupting campaigns [1]. Limitation 2 - Misinformation: False claims circulate online [1], distorting understanding and undermining trust [1].

Explain why internet freedom is important for international-mindedness. [2]

Open access to global information exposes people to different experiences and viewpoints [1], promoting cultural understanding and informed international discussion [1].

Using Hong Kong as an example, explain why restrictions on freedoms have been challenged. [2]

Hong Kong's 2019 demonstrations opposed proposed extradition legislation and reflected wider concerns about rights and accountability [1], as campaigners sought to influence government decisions [1]. Case study: The extradition bill was withdrawn in 2019.

Using Hong Kong as an example, explain two ways civil society challenged government decisions. [4]

Way 1 - Protests: Large demonstrations opposed the proposed extradition bill [1], attracting public and international attention [1]. Way 2 - Digital media: Online communications shared updates and organized participants [1], connecting demonstrators across locations [1].

Using Iran as an example, explain why restrictions on personal freedoms have been challenged. [2]

Protests intensified after Mahsa Amini died in 2022 following detention by morality police [1], challenging compulsory dress requirements and broader restrictions on women's freedoms [1]. Case study: Woman, Life, Freedom movement.

Using Iran as an example, explain two ways global interactions influenced challenges to restricted freedoms. [4]

Way 1 - Information: International news and social media spread reports of protests [1], increasing global awareness [1]. Way 2 - Diaspora: Iranian communities abroad organized support and demonstrations [1], linking domestic events to international audiences [1].

Using two named places, explain contrasting outcomes of challenges to restricted freedoms. [4]

Hong Kong: The 2019 extradition bill was withdrawn [1], showing an impact on one policy even though broader demands remained unresolved [1]. Iran: The 2022 protests raised international awareness [1], but repression and continuing restrictions limited immediate policy change [1].

Explain two reasons why the effectiveness of civil society campaigns differs between countries. [4]

Reason 1 - Political context: Countries differ in permitted protests and independent organizing [1], affecting campaign capacity [1]. Reason 2 - Networks: Media and overseas supporters can amplify a campaign [1], potentially increasing pressure on institutions [1].

Explain why local communities may have limited power to challenge TNC activities. [4]

Reason 1 - Resources: Large companies possess substantial money and legal expertise [1], giving them influence over local negotiations [1]. Reason 2 - Dependence: Communities rely on TNC jobs [1], discouraging resistance for fear of economic loss [1].

Explain why resisting globalisation can create both benefits and costs for local communities. [4]

Benefit: Local sourcing supports nearby producers [1], helping maintain jobs and heritage [1]. Cost: Trade restrictions may limit choice or raise prices [1], increasing costs for consumers [1].

Explain why governments may encourage economic globalisation while restricting cultural or political interactions. [4]

Economy: Governments welcome FDI and exports [1], supporting investment and employment [1]. Politics: Authorities may censor media or restrict migration [1], retaining political control over selected global interactions [1].

Explain how digital technology can both increase freedom and strengthen government control. [4]

Freedom: Digital services enable international information and communication [1], widening opportunities for civic engagement [1]. Control: Surveillance and blocking tools monitor or restrict users [1], potentially undermining privacy and access [1].

Explain why international campaigns may have different outcomes at local and global scales. [4]

Global: Online campaigning raises international awareness [1], connecting audiences and supporters [1]. Local: Changes in law or practice depend on authorities and institutions [1], so publicity may not produce local improvements [1].