ap psychology 33-34

modules 33-34

Primary strategy to prevent encoding failure during learning

Engaging in effortful processing

Pattern of forgetting newly learned information identified by Hermann Ebbinghaus

Rapid initially and subsequently slows down

Long-term trajectory of memories according to the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A sharp drop occurs soon after learning, followed by stable retention of the remaining information

Momentary inability to recall well-known personal information, such as an address

Retrieval failure

Difficulty remembering new students' names because older students' names come to mind

Proactive interference

Difficulty recalling an old lock combination after memorizing a new locker combination

Retroactive interference

Reason individuals who sleep after learning retain more than those who stay awake

Reduced interference from new waking experiences

Phenomenon where previous knowledge of one language facilitates learning a second language

Positive transfer

Tendency of gamblers to recall losing less money than they actually lost

Motivated forgetting

Freudian concept describing the banishment of anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness

Repression

Modern cognitive researchers' consensus regarding Freud's concept of repression

It rarely occurs because traumatic and emotionally charged material is typically difficult to forget

Déjà vu

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a current situation or event

Process of revising or altering memories during retrieval based on expectations and schemas

Memory construction

Finding from Loftus and Palmer when observers heard the word 'smashed' to describe a car crash

Observers remembered the collision as being significantly more severe than it actually was

Witnesses recalling an accident as more reckless after reading a suggestive news report

The misinformation effect

Exaggerating an exam's difficulty to others and subsequently remembering it as genuinely harder

The misinformation effect

Vividly remembering a childhood event that never occurred after repeatedly visualizing it

Imagination inflation

Mistakenly recalling an event from a childhood dream as an actual real-life experience

Source amnesia

Distinguishing characteristic of true memories compared to false memories

They are more likely to contain detailed perceptual and contextual information

Scientific consensus regarding adult recollections of experiences before age three

Adult memories of events occurring before age three are generally unreliable

Typical memory outcome for highly distressing or stressful life experiences

They are typically remembered vividly and persistently rather than repressed

Cognitive vulnerability that is significantly higher in children compared to adults

The misinformation effect

Factor that makes young children's interview recollections especially credible

Involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview

Primary reason speed-reading complex material inhibits long-term retention

It inhibits rehearsal and deep cognitive processing

Reason students should avoid back-to-back study sessions for two similar subjects

To minimize interference between competing sets of information

Technique of repeating a new person's name multiple times to remember it

Rehearsal

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Cognition

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Concept

A best example or cognitive representation of a category, such as Harvard for Ivy League colleges

Prototype

Analogy: Christmas is to holiday as prototype is to…

Category

Reason someone might struggle to quickly categorize a seahorse as a fish

It does not closely resemble their fish prototype

Type of thinking relied upon when generating as many words as possible containing a specific letter

Divergent thinking

Type of thinking used to calculate the single correct solution to a long-division problem

Convergent thinking

Two essential components of creativity identified in psychological research

Expertise and a venturesome personality

Factor that can diminish creative artistic performance by focusing attention on fame and fortune

Extrinsic motivation