Unit 3 Terms Quiz (Topics 3.5-3.7) - APHG

Diaspora

dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland (occurs through immigration or forced migration)

Imperialism

the dominance of one political community over another political community.

weaker political community is influenced to serve the dominant power’s interests through trade and exchanges.

Colonialism

process of using military force to conquer and settle another territory whether it is occupied or unoccupied

Pidgin Language

an extremely simplified non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages - baby/toddler language, just been created

ex. Spanglish: mixture of Spanish & English

Creole Language

a pigdin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers (frequently developed through settings of colonization or slavery) - established pigdin language

Lingua Franca

a common language used by speakers of two different laguages for communication. usually for business, trade, commerce, or in popular culture

ex. World Lingua Franca: English, Regionally: Mandarin in China, Swahili in Africa

Official Language

used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps

• can be centripetal or centrifugal:

  • positives: creates unity in diverse states, cheaper costs

  • negatives: language of powerful majority, endangers others

Globalization

diffuses popular culture through the following methods:

• internet & technology

• social media & relationships

• media

• politics

• the economy

Cultural Convergence

the process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike

ex. world sports, democracy, English

• the loss of folk cultures

• the loss of indigenous languages

Cultural Divergence

the process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality. separating from mainstream.

ex. Folk Cultures, Amish

Reterritorialization

when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves in the context of their local culture and making it their own (similar to stimulus diffusion)

Cultural Appropriation

process by which cultures adapt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit. it is often for material gain (for profit!) and can even be seen as offensive. (this phenomenon is often seen in the fashion world)

Commodification

process of transforming a cultural activity or item into a sellable product

Genocide

killing of a certain ethnic group (ex. Holocaust)

Ethnic Religions

adherents are born into the faith & whose members do not actively seek converts

• appeals to one group of people in one place

Universalizing Religions

religions that actively seek converts b/c members believe they offer belief systems of universal appropriateness and appeal

• attempt to be global and appeal to all people

• proselytize (convert)

• Christianity, Buddhism, Islam → 3 universalizing religions

Monotheistic Religions

worship a single deity (God)

Polytheistic Religions

worship more than one deity (God), even thousands

Animistic Religions

belief that inanimate objects possess spirits & should be revered (worshipped/respected)

Pilgrimage

travel to a sacred site

Interfaith Boundaries

boundaries between the world’s major faiths

Intrafaith Boundaries

boundaries within a single major faith → ex. US has many branches of Christianity

Religious Fundamentalism

a return to the basics of their faith (may look at holy text or go to hearth for basics)

Religious Extremism

fundamentalism carried to the point of violence

Secularism

indifference to or rejection of organized religious affiliations & ideas

most likely cause → popular cultures and their mainstream ideas

Hinduism’s Hearth

Hearth: India

Hinduism’s Founder & Age of Religion

Founder: No Founder, Age: Oldest Religion

Hinduism’s Holy Text

Holy Text: Vedas

Hinduism’s Religion Type

Religion Type: both monotheistic & polytheistic

Hinduism’s Major Beliefs

Beliefs: dharma, karma

Judaism’s Hearth

Hearth: Israel

Judaism’s Founder

Founder: Abraham

Judaism’s Religion Type

Religion Type: monotheistic

Judaism’s Holy Text

Holy Text: Torah

Judaism’s Religious Landscape

Religious Landscape: synagogue

Buddhism’s Hearth

Hearth: Northeastern India/Nepal

Buddhism’s Founder

Founder: Buddha / a former Hindu prince

Buddhism’s Religion Type

Religion Type: nontheistic

Buddhism’s Major Beliefs

Major Beliefs: Four Noble Truths & Eightfold Path

Christianity’s Hearth

Hearth: Jerusalem/Israel

Christianity’s Founder

Founder: Jesus

Christianity’s Religion Type

Religion Type: monotheistic

Christianity’s Holy Text

Holy Text: New Testament & Bible

Christianity’s Major Beliefs

Major Beliefs: 3 branches of Christianity - Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Eastern Orthodox

Islam’s Hearth & Holy Cities

Hearth: Saudi Arabia, Holy Cities: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem

Islam’s Founder

Founder: Muhammad

Islam’s Religion Type

Religion Type: monotheistic (they believe Allah is God)

Islam’s Holy Text

Holy Text: Quran/Koran

Islam’s Religious Landscape & Other Info

Religious Landscape: mosque, Other Info: hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), minaret

Islam’s Major Beliefs & Branches of Islam

Major Beliefs: 5 Pillars of Islam -

1. Shahada (Faith)

2. Salah (Prayer)

3. Zakat (Almsgiving)

4. Sawm (Fasting)

5. Hajj (Pilgrimage)

Branches: Sunni & Shia