Botany Exam 3

How many major groups of organs do plants have?

3 or 4

What are the four major groups of organs in plants?

Roots, stems, leaves, and flowers

Where in the plant does cell division occur?

Meristems

Some tissues divide and the cell decides what they will become. What kind of cell showcases this?

Stem

What is the central cell division spot on plants?

Apical Meristems

Where are apical meristems usually found on plants?

End of stem and tip of root

What kind of tissue does primary meristems produce?

Primary

What meristem covers around the plant?

Lateral Meristem

What is another word for the lateral meristem?

Cambium

What meristem produces vascular tissue cells?

Vascular Cambium

"Vascular tissue makes vascular tissue cells" is an example of

Truism

What meristem produces bark?

Cork Cambium

What meristems are found at the "joints" of plants? (Where plant gets longer)

Intercalary Meristems

This tissue will be the same when they are made and when they die

Permanent

This tissue is made from ONE type of cell

Simple

Which 3 tissues are considered simple tissue in plants?

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma

This simple tissue has thin-celled walls, irregular shape, usually filling tissue, living/storage tissue, and is almost always made of cortex

Parenchyma

What are the 2 types of parenchyma tissue?

Aerenchyma and chlorenchyma

This parenchyma tissue has air-filled holes or spaces

Aerenchyma

This parenchyma tissue is aerenchyma with a high concentration of chloroplasts

Chlorenchyma

This simple tissue has thicker-celled walls, provides strength for the plant, can flex or move, and is irregularly shaped; think celery 'strings'

Collenchyma

This simple tissue has strong thick-celled walls, when it is mature, it has dead tissue and is the hard seed coat on plants

Sclerenchyma

Where are sclerids found?

Pears and Water Lillies

What is complex tissue?

Tissue made up of more than one kind of simple tissue

What is the Xylem made of?

vessel elements

What is the function of the Xylem?

Conducts water and minerals

How should I remember xylem?

Long straws made of little straws put together

What is the function of a ray?

Provides lateral flow of xylem when plant is wounded

What is the function of the phloem?

Conducts food

What is found in phloem-rich fluid?

Callose

What is callose?

Sugary substance that precipitates into a fine powder when plant is wounded and clogs wound

What is a companion cell in phloem?

Life support system for sieve tube member

What is the outer layer of a plant called?

Epidermis

What is the function of the epidermis?

Produces cuticle and guard cells

This structure found in the epidermis of a plant has stoma that does gas exchange

Guard cells

What is the cutin?

A waxy layer produced by the epidermis

What is the function of root hairs?

Increase surface area for absorption of cell

What is the opening on the bark of the epidermis called?

Lenticel

What are functions of the lenticel?

Gas exchange, and expansion of bark

What are secretory cells?

Cells that secrete stuff

What doe secretory cell produce?

Flower nectar, citrus oils, glandular hair mucilage, latex, and resins

What are the functions of roots?

Anchors plant, absorbs water and minerals

What are the 3 main root systems?

Tap root, fibrous root, and adventitious root

This root system is found in dicots and eudicots. It has secondary roots coming off main roots

Tap Root System

This root system has no main roots; ex. grass

Fibrous Roots

This root system is any root system other than tap roots or fibrous roots

Adventitious Roots

What are the 4 regions of a root tip?

Apical meristem, root cap, region of elongation, and region of maturation

What is special about the apical meristem of a root tip?

region of cell division; makes up root cap

What makes up the root cap?

Sloughing off cells

What is the function of the root cap?

Has crystals that react to gravity

What is special about the region of elongation?

Longer cells

What is special about the region of maturation?

Where cells differentiate

What kind of cells have root hairs?

Mature epidermal cells

What is gravitropism?

Growing towards gravity

What kind of roots do dicots have?

tap roots and secondary roots

What is the function of the epidermis of a root?

Protection, skin

What is the function of the cortex in a root?

Stores food; parenchyma

What is the function of the vascular cylinder in a root?

Contains vascular tissue

What is the function of passage cells in roots?

Actively transport water through epidermis into vascular cylinder

What is the function of the pericycle in the root?

Lateral meristem able to divide under certain conditions; 1 cell thick

What is the function of the phloem in a root?

Patches of tissue; food

What is the function of xylem in a root?

"x" shaped structure

What is the function of the endodermis in a root?

Covering of vascular cylinder; waterproof

What is the function of the pith in a monocot root?

Strength and waste storage

What are the 2 types of growth in plants?

Determinate and indeterminate

What is determinate growth?

Grows to a certain length

What is indeterminate growth?

Grows throughout its life

What is the function of food storage roots?

Stores food for the plant

What is an example of a food storage root?

Sweet Potato

What is the function of water storage roots?

Stores water

What is an example of a water storage root?

Pumpkin and Iris

What is special about propagative roots?

Roots grow new plants

What are examples of propagative roots?

Sweet gum and fruit trees

What are pneumatophores?

Cyprus knees

What is special about pneumatophores?

Grow in water-logged soil; stability in soft mud and gas exchange

What are aerial roots?

Roots that grow in the air

What are prop roots?

Prop plant up

What plant has prop roots? What is special about it?

Tropical Fig; kills original tree

What is a velamin root?

Special layer on the outside; acts as a sponge and stores water

What are buttress roots? What trees are these found on?

Grows "fins," act as support; tropical trees

What are contractile roots?

Adjust depth of plant in soil

What are parasitic roots? What is an example of a plant with parasitic roots?

Parasitizes other roots; haustoria

What is the main function of stems?

They connect everything together

What is a twig?

A little stem

Where is the apical meristem of a STEM found?

Terminal bud/end of stem

What is a node?

The place where things are attached to the stem

Where is the axillary/lateral bud found?

Above the leaf

What is the function of the axillary/lateral bud?

Starts growing a new stem

What are the different parts of a leaf?

Blade, petiole, stipule

What is a petiole?

Stem-like structure of a leaf

What is a stipule?

The things attached to the petiole

What is the internode?

Space between the nodes

What is a lenticel?

Openings that allows gas exchange and expansion

What is the terminal bud scale scar?

The start of growth from the previous year

What is a bundle scar?

Scar made for when leaf falls off

What happens to the leaf when the bundle scar is complete?

It falls off

What is a cotyledon?

The seed leaf inside a plant's embryo

How many cotyledons does a dicot have?

2

How many cotyledons does a monocot have?

1

This growth pattern goes from seed to seed in one year

Annual