Exam #4 Psych

3 major aspects of development

physical, cognitive, psychosocial

Two main research methods for development

longitudinal & cross-sectional

normative development

what is typical at a given age

3 big debates about development

Is it continuous (gradual, quantitative change) or discontinuous (stages, qualitatively different)

Is development universal - what is culturally bound (when infants start walking) versus universal (cooing at same age)

Is development based on nature or nurture

4 Classic theories

psychosexual (Freud), psychosocial (Erikson), cognitive (Piaget), sociocultural (Vygotsky)

Psychosexual

Freud, Children advance through stages with focus on different pleasure zones

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, 12+

childhood matters adult personality

not falsifiable

Psychosocial

Erikson

How people relate to one another

personality is continuous across lifespan

Each stage with a conflict to resolve

Stages of Psychosocial development

0-1 trust vs. mistrust, 1-3 autonomy vs. shame/doubt, 3-6 initiative vs. guilt, 7-11 industry vs. inferiority, 12-18 identity vs. confusion, 19-29 intimacy vs. isolation, 30-64 generativity vs. stagnation, 65- integrity vs. despair

Cognitive development

Piaget

children are little scientists building mental models

Schema

concept/mental model that organizes information

assimilation

fitting new information into existing schema

accommodation

changing schema to fit new ifnor

Stages of cognitive development

0-2 sensorimotor - informational gatherer (object permanence is a key milestone), 2-6 pre operational - begin communicating, pretend play, understand self/role, 7-11 concrete operational - concrete events and basic math, 12 onwards formal operational - moral reasoning, abstract math

Sociocultural

Vygotsky

Development shaped by social interaction and culture

Zone of proximal development

Tasks a child can’t yet do alone but can do with guidance

Scaffolding

Adjusting support to child’s current level, then fading it

example is child tying tying laces

Moral development

Heinz dilemma - the reasoning is more important than the morals themselves

Moral reasoning

1) pre conventional - the goal is to avoid punishment and get rewards 2) conventional - goal is to get social approval and to obey authority 3) post conventional - social contract and internal principles

Germinal stage

1-2 weeks, zygote forms

Embryonic stage

3-8 weeks, implants in uterine lining, placenta feeds baby, organs form, important risk for teratogens

Fetal

9-40 weeks

Rooting

sucking when cheek is stroked

Gross motor skills

Large muscle group skills - legs & jumping

Fine motor skills

small muscle groups - fingers & writing

Attachment

long standing emotional bond with someone

Secure base

Caregiver whose presence lets a child feel safe enough to explore

The strange situation

Child and parent in room, parent leaves then returns

Secure & strange situation

distress @ leaving, comforted on return

Avoidant & Strange situation

little distress, ignores caregiver on return

Resistant & Strange Situation

Very distressed and hard to soothe on return

Disorganized & strange situation

confused, inconsistent behavior

Authoritative parenting style

Warm and high demans

Authoritarian

Not warm and high demands

Permissive

warm and low demands

uninvolved

not warm and low demans

Yerkes Dodson Law

Low levels of arousal work best for difficult tasks, high arousal for low level tasks

Motivation

Wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

Instinct theory

Behavior is driven by unlearned instincts that aid survival (contrary to Little Albert)

Drive theory

Deviations from homeostasis create psychological needs that make us want to restore balance

Habits

Once a behavior reduces a drive, it’s more likely to recur

Self Efficacy

belief in your own capability to complete tasks

social motivations

achievement, affiliation, intimacy

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Self actualization
Esteem

Social

Security

Physiological

order if culturally shaped

What is the meaning of Metabolic rate

metabolic rate is energy expended per period, and it varies across people

What is set-point theory

Set-point theory is the idea that each person has an ideal weight and it is hard to change

What is BMI useful for studying

Populations, not individuals

What is bulimia nervosa

eating disorder that includes binge eating followed by purging

what is binge eating disorder

binge eating disorder is binge eating food without purging

what is anorexia nervosa

anorexia nervosa is extreme food restriction, body weight is typically well below average

What four things does emotion arise out of

subjective experience

cognitive appraisal

expression

physiological response

What is James Lange theory of emotion

Jame Lange’s theory is that emotion occurs after arousal - arousal, emotion

What is Cannon-Bard’s theory of emotion

Cannon Bard’s theory is that arousal and emotion occur simultaneously

What is Schachter-Singer’s theory of emotion

This theory is that the two factors of arousal and cognitive appraisal combine to make emotion

What is Lazarus’ cognitive meditational theory of emotion

appraisal comes frist and produces both the emotion and the arousal

How is the thalamus related to emotional processing in the brain?

The thalamus is in charge of sensory relay to the amygdala

How is the hippocampus related to emotional processing in the brain

the hippocampus integration emotional experience with the emotion - memory

What is the amygdala in charge of when it comes to emotional processing

the amygdala is linked to fear and anxiety - the basolateral complex is key to learning emotional associations

how is the central nucleus in charge of emotion

the central nucleus deals with attention, and it’s connected to the hypothalamus to regulate the endocrine system

What are the seven emotional expressions that are universal

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger

What are cultural display rules

Cultures differ in which emotions are acceptable to show and how often

What are the four humors that hippocrates thought made up personality and what are modern day traits associated with them

melancholic - anxious

choleric - excitable

Sanguine - carefree

phlegmatic - controlled

what are the axis on the four humors map

y - emotionality

x - changeable vs. unchangable

What is the id, ego, and superego in charge of in Freud’s structure of the mind

The id is in charge of instinctive urges that produce pleasure, the superego is our moral conscience, and the ego mediates between our pleasure and our morals

What are defense mechanisms

The ego protecting itself when the id and superego fight, which typically produces anxiety

What is the reaction formation defense mechanism

this is when you act opposite to your true feelings - i.e. being gay and bullying gay people

What is the sublimation defense mechanism

sublimation is is channeling urges into socially acceptable outself

What did NeoFreudians emphasize with personality development

They believed childhood mattered, but socialization and culture are more important to focus on

What did Alfred Adler focus on with personality development

Alfred Adler focused on individual psychology and the drive to compensate for your inferiority that one had in childhood

what was Erik Erikson’s focus on with personality development

Psychosocial stages of development (similar to lifespan), believed personality develops across your entire life

What did Carl Jung focus on with personality development

He focused on analytical psychology where conscious and unconscious forces came together - he believed their was individual and collective unconscious where people had shared memories and themes across culture (archetypes)

What was Bandura’s ideas with personality development

Bandura had the social cognitive perspective, he believed in reciprocal determinism where behavior, cognitive factors, and the situation influence one another

Mischel - person vs situation debate

people act differently in different situations, both personality and situation matter

3 perspectives on how personality operates

psychodynamic, learning, and humanistic

Maslow and his perspective on personality

Maslow was humanistic, and he studied people he thought were healthy, who were open, creative, spontaneous, emotional problems arise when needs in hierarchy go unmet

what are trait theories

a trait is a characteristic way of behaving, and everyone has certain traits
Allports thousands of words - included cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits

Cattell had 16 factor personality questionnaire

Eyseneck: extroversion/introversion & neuroticism/stability & psychoticism/superego

OCEAN

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, neuroticism