ANAPHY

Integumentary System

Consists of the skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, glands) that serve as the body's first line of defense against environmental hazards.

Epidermis

Avascular layer of skin made up of stratified squamous epithelium, containing multiple layers including the Stratum Corneum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Lucidum, and Basale.

Stratum Corneum

Outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of 20–30 layers of dead, anucleate keratinized cells.

Stratum Granulosum

Layer of the epidermis where cell death begins, consisting of 3–5 layers of cells that accumulate keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules.

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis where active mitosis occurs and contains stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.

Dermis

Vascular layer of skin made of connective tissue, consisting of the papillary layer and the reticular layer.

Papillary Layer

Upper layer of the dermis made of areolar connective tissue, containing dermal papillae and Meissner's corpuscles.

Reticular Layer

Lower layer of the dermis made of dense irregular connective tissue that provides tensile strength and contains sweat and sebaceous glands.

Hypodermis

Also known as the subcutaneous layer, composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue, functions as an insulator and shock absorber.

Sebaceous Glands

Holocrine glands that secrete sebum to prevent drying and inhibit bacteria; attached to hair follicles.

Eccrine Glands

Type of sweat glands involved in thermoregulation, found abundantly on palms, soles, and forehead.

Axial Skeleton

Part of the skeleton consisting of 80 bones that protect internal organs and support the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Skeleton

Part of the skeleton consisting of 126 bones that enable locomotion and manipulation of the environment.

Diaphysis

The tubular shaft forming the long axis of a long bone, constructed of dense compact bone.

Epiphyses

The bone ends of a long bone, consisting of an outer shell of compact bone and an internal spongy bone.

Periosteum

A double-layered outer membrane covering the diaphysis of bones, secured to it by Sharpey's fibers.

Cervical Vertebrae

The first seven vertebrae of the vertebral column, characterized by the presence of transverse foramina.

Humerus

The long bone of the arm that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Femur

The longest and strongest bone in the body, located in the thigh.

Acetabulum

The deep socket formed by the fusion of the three bones of the coxal bone, which receives the head of the femur.

True Ribs

Ribs 1-7 that attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.

False Ribs

Ribs 8-12 that have indirect or no attachment to the sternum.

Pubic Symphysis

The joint where the two coxal bones unite anteriorly.

Ischial Tuberosity

Landmark on the ischium known as the 'sit bones'.

Talus

Tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint.

Metatarsals

Five bones in the foot numbered I-V, which form the midsection of the foot.

Phalanges

Fourteen bones in the toes, with the big toe having two and the other digits having three each.