5 leture pysc exam 2

Physical Activity vs. Exercise

Physical activity is any bodily movement that requires energy. Exercise is planned, repetitive, purposeful physical activity intended to maintain or improve fitness.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Exercise

Aerobic exercise involves sustained activity, such as swimming or cycling. Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of high-intensity activity, such as sprinting or weight training.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The energy the body uses to maintain basic functions of cells and vital organs at rest.

Physical Fitness

Attributes related to the ability to perform physical activity, including muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

The ability of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during prolonged activity.

Physical Activity Recommendations

The lecture recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week for adults, plus muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days.

Health Benefits of Exercise

Regular physical activity supports bone density, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, cognitive functioning, mood, and stress management.

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abdominal obesity, low HDL cholesterol, and high triglycerides that increases heart disease, stroke, and diabetes risk.

Barriers to Exercise

Low exercise self-efficacy, negative attitudes, sedentary habits, environmental barriers, and limited resources can discourage physical activity.

Exercise Self-Efficacy

A person's belief in their ability to successfully participate in physical exercise.

Exercise Interventions

Programs that match readiness to change, build motivation and self-efficacy, use behavior-change techniques, and encourage social support.

Hazards of Excessive Exercise

Excessive exercise can contribute to injuries, compulsive exercise, and exercise addiction.

Circadian Rhythm

The body's internal biological clock that follows an approximately 24-hour cycle and helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.

Zeitgebers

Environmental time cues, such as daylight, that help synchronize the body's circadian rhythm.

NREM vs. REM Sleep

NREM and REM are two major types of sleep with different brain activity, breathing patterns, and muscle activity.

Social Jet Lag

A mismatch between a person's biological sleep schedule and the schedule imposed by work, school, or social obligations.

Sleep Debt

Accumulated sleep loss that cannot necessarily be fully corrected by one long sleep; it can impair attention and reaction time.

Effects of Chronic Sleep Loss

Chronic sleep loss is associated with increased ghrelin and cortisol, decreased leptin, insulin resistance, reduced immune functioning, inflammation, and impaired memory and concentration.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

An individually tailored treatment that addresses insomnia through approaches such as stimulus control, relaxation, sleep hygiene, and changes to sleep habits.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal REM sleep, associated with reduced hypocretin signaling.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder involving repeated pauses in breathing during sleep; obstructive sleep apnea may be treated with CPAP.

Injury Control

Efforts to reduce injury risks and prevent avoidable injuries through public health and safety measures.

Adolescent Brain Development and Injury Risk

Differences in the development of reward-related brain areas and the prefrontal cortex may contribute to impulsivity and risk-taking during adolescence.

Young Driver Injury Prevention

The lecture identifies graduated driver licensing, restricted nighttime driving, restrictions on teenage passengers, and zero-tolerance impaired-driving policies.

Three Injury Prevention Strategies

Education and behavior change, legislation and enforcement, and engineering and technology.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

A pattern of problematic substance use involving impaired control, social difficulties, hazardous use, or drug-related effects such as tolerance and withdrawal.

SUD Severity

The lecture classifies SUD as mild with 2–3 criteria, moderate with 4–5, and severe with 6 or more.

Four Categories of SUD Criteria

Diminished control, diminished social functioning, hazardous use, and drug action.

Diminished Control

Using more than intended, unsuccessful efforts to cut down, spending excessive time on substance use, or experiencing cravings.

Diminished Social Functioning and Hazardous Use

Substance use interferes with responsibilities, relationships, or activities, or continues despite hazardous situations and negative consequences.

Blood-Brain Barrier

A protective barrier that regulates the movement of substances from the bloodstream into the brain; the lecture notes that fat-soluble substances may cross more readily.

Agonist vs. Antagonist

An agonist activates or enhances a receptor's action, while an antagonist blocks receptor activity.

Neurotransmitter Reuptake

The process by which neurotransmitters are taken back up by nerve cells after release; some drugs alter this process and change neural signaling.