Bio Lab quiz 5

what are enzymes

proteins that are involved in almost every chemical reaction that take place within an organism

enzymes act as catalysts, what are catalysts

substances that speed up chemical reactions without being destroyed to altered during the process

what does the binding between enzymes and substrates consist of

weak, non covalent chemical bonds

what does the binding between enzymes and substrates form

enzyme-substrate complex that only exists for only a few milliseconds

what happens during the millisecond of a enzyme substrate complex

the covalent bonds of the substrate either come under stress or are oriented in a way that facilitates formation of a different molecule(s)

covalent bonds of the substate forms

products

what is the product used for once it leaves the enzyme’s active site

used by the cell

the enzyme is unchanged by the reaction and may enter the

catalytic cycle if more substrate molecules are available

an example of an important enzyme in animals is

catalase a type of peroxidase

what is catalase

produced in the liver and used to catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

hydrogen peroxide symbol

H₂O₂

hydrogen peroxide is a

toxic chemical that produces a natural by-product of many reactions that take place within your cells

because hydrogen peroxide is toxic what must be done to it

it must be destroyed before it can do too much damage

what do you do to destroy hydrogen peroxide cells

convert it into oxygen gas and water

what can effect the function of enzymes

environmental conditions such as temp or ph level

ph

measure of concentration oh H⁺ in aq solution

ph and high salt concentration affect shape of enzyme molecule by

interfering with ionic bonds that are necessary to maintain their tertiary structure

this affects the substate binding efficiency of the enzyme

enzymes are needed in small amounts because

they may convert a thousand substrate molecules in one seconds

they are fast

not used up during reaction

eventually enzymes break apart and lose their

catalytic capacity

cellular enzymes called ? degrade inactive enzymes to amino acids used by cell to make other enzymes or proteins

proteases

amount of particular enzymes found in cell is determined by

balance between the processes that degrade the enzyme and those that synthesize it

when no enzyme is present the chemical reaction catalyzedby enzyme does not occur

at an appreciable rate

if concentration rate of enzyme increases so does the

concentration

adding more enzyme will not speed the reaction if there is not

sufficient substrate

temp within 0-40 ^C affects

frequency with which the enzymes and substrates collide with and affects binding

Proteins have stable 3D structures because of

hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions of amino acids with one another and hydrogen bonding

at high temps what increases, breaks, changes

molecular motion increases

hydrogen bonds break

3D structure changes and will not return to og shape when cooled

denaturation

permanent structural change in proteins

the enzyme alone should not be treated to specific temp for ? before testing for enzyme activity

10 minutes

Flash point of guaiacol

82 C

180 F

Do not add ? before placed in boiling water bath

guaiacol

allosteric regulation/ different-structure

when regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme

the enzyme should not be treated with the inhibitor for ? before testing for enzyme activity

15 minutes

many plants show an increase of ? when experiencing salt stress

peroxidase activity