TEST TWO - GIT Toxo

GIT

What is the most common route of exposure to toxins?

anorexia, diarrhea, rumen atony, colic/abdominal pain, depression

What are the most common clinical signs of a GI toxicant?

(BE ABLE TO LIST THESE)

ration changes

Whats a huge cause of GI toxicosis?

decrease absorption, give GI protectorants

What are the main principles of therapy for GI toxicosis?

remove source, mineral oil, activated charcoal

What are methods to decrease absorption?

pantoprazole, ranitidine, sucralfate, omeprazole

GI protectants are difficult in ruminants but we'll still use them... list 4 of them

blister beetles

What critters feed on flowering alfalfa and then get caught in hay and crushed, releasing toxins

cantharidin

What is the toxic principle in blister beetles?

males

Is cantharidin higher in male of female blister beetles?

mucosal irritation, shock and death, colic, anorexia, cystitis, dysuria, hematuria, muzzle dipping, neuro signs, muscle fasciculations,

What are some of the signs of blister beetle ingestion?

horses

who is most affected by blister beetles?

mucosal surfaces in the mouth are on FIRE

Why would animals who have ingested blister beetles be muzzle dipping? Or dunking their face into water troughs repeatedly?

dehydrated, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, elevated serum proteins, leukocytosis, isosthenuria, increased creatinine

What are the clin path signs that you will see with horses who have ingested blister beetles?

urine, soft tissues, GI contents, dried beetles

What can you use to test or confirm blister beetle exposure?

activated charcoal, supportive care (fluids and electrolytes), maybe antibiotics

What should you use for treatment of blister beetle exposure?

mineral oil

Giving WHAT to an animal with blister beetle exposure was shown to maybe INCREASE absorption of the poison in research rats?

aminoglycosides

Avoid which antibiotics in horses with cantharidin exposure?

buttercups

What are these

when flowering

When are buttercups at their most toxic?

protoanemonin

What is the toxin in buttercups?

false; bitter taste and blistering, usually avoided

true/false: unfortunately, buttercups are highly palatable and horses especially love to eat them

overgrazed or drought pastures

Wait, so if the horses/cattle dont like eating buttercups, what would make them?

oral and GI irritation, EXCESSIVE salivation, swelling of muzzle and lips, colic/vomit/diarrhea, hematuria, reddish/bitter milk

What are the signs that buttercups will cause?

remove source, supportive care, treatment unnecessary

What are the treatments for buttercup ingestion?

pokeweed

What is this?

gulf, eastern states

Pokeweed is an invasive bitter tasting weed that grows where?

all parts, (berries less as they ripen)

Which part of the pokeweed plant is toxic?

saponin

What is the toxin in pokeweed?

gi irritant, emetic

What are the general toxicoses caused by pokeweed?

oral burning, diarrhea, mild colic, bloat, labored breathing

What are the specific clinical signs of pokeweed?

supportive care, rumen transfaunation if not eating, thiamine

What is the treatment for pokeweed?

enterotoxin, nephrotoxin, protein binding GI mucosa damage

What are the systems that are affected by Quercus spp? (acorns/oak)

constipation, pigmenturia, bloody/dark feces, anorexia, depression, rumen atony, renal failure

What are the clinical signs of acorns in cattle?

mild gi signs, colic, decreased gi sounds, gas, tenesmus, hemorrhagic diarrhea

What are the clinical signs of acorns in monogastrics?

azotemia, electrolyte abnormalities (hypoCa, hyperP, hypoNa, HyperK, hypoCl), increased protein/blood/hemoglobin casts on UA

What are the clinpath signs of oak toxicity?

poor

What is the prognosis of oak toxicity?

diuresis/fluid therapy, electrolytes, activated charcoal, rumenotomy, transfaunation

What are the treatments for quercus spp (oak) toxicity?

anorexia improves

The prognosis for oak toxicity improves if what happens???

chinaberry

What the heck is this

tetranortriterpenes

What is the toxic class of the chinaberry tree?

leaves, bark, flowers and FRUIT

Which part of the chinaberry is toxic? (worst for last)

enterotoxin (local irritant) and neurotoxin

What systems are affected by the chinaberry plant?

vomiting, diarrhea, colic, tenesmus, hypersalivation, abdominal pain, ataxia, weakkness, excitement leading to seizure/depression and coma, death

What are the specific clinical signs of chinaberry exposure?

respiratory arrest

What do animals exposed to chinaberry die from?

no

Is there a chinaberry antidote?

gastric lavage, rumenotomy, antiemetics, activated charcoal, diazepam, steroids, antimicrobials, fluids and electrolytes

What are the treatments for chinaberry toxicity?

nightshade

What are these?

potatoes, eggplant, bittersweet nightshade

What are some examples of nightshades?

all parts

which parts of nightshade plants are toxic?

solanine, tropane alkaloids, nicotine

What are the three specific toxinc in nightshades?

GI and neurotoxin

What does solanine affect toxically?

anticholinergic

What type of affect do tropane alkaloids have?

cholinergic

What type of toxic affect does nicotine have?

GI clinical signs

Which signs are generally predominant with nightshade exposure?

salivation, abdominal pain, colic, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, tachycardia, mydriasis, nervous clinical signs

What are the specific clinical signs of nightshade exposure?

parasympathetic inhibition

How does nightshade cause Neuro signs?

horsenettle

What is this?

black nightshade

What is this?

toxalbumins

_________: plant proteins that inhibit protein synthesis

seeds

Toxicity of toxalbumins is mainly from which part of the plant?

false; 6 hours to a few days for clinical signs

true/false: toxalbumin toxin is rapidly acting

horses

all livestock is affected by toxalbumins but _______ are the most sensitive

vomiting, diarrhea, colic, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, weakness, incoordination, death

What are the clinical signs of toxalbumins?

castor bean

What is this?

ricin

What is the toxic principle of the castor bean?

inhibits 60s ribosomal subunit; no

How does ricin kill people? Is there an antidote?

black locust, rosary pea

Other than castor bean, list two examples of toxalbumins

rhododendron

What is this guy?

true

true/false: rhododendrons, azaleas, and mountain laurels are all part of the toxic rhododendron spp family

grayanotoxin

What is the toxic principle of rhododendrons?

increases membrane permeability to Na

how does grayanotoxin work?

PROJECTILE VOMITING (think goat), salivation, bloat, diarrhea, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, arrythmias

what are the clinical signs of rhododendrons? (Start with the most important)

activated charcoal, mineral oil, monitor aspiration pneumonia and arrythmias

What is the treatment for rhododendrons?

persimmons

What are these?

water soluble tannin

What is the toxin in persimmons?

phytobezoar

The acidity of the stomach causes a sticky coagulated mass of fruit skin/pulp/seeds/and GI protein after animals eat persimmons... this is called what?

gastric or intestinal obstruction

What do phytobezoars lead to?

colic, weight loss, anorexia

What are the clinical signs of persimmons?

history, seeds in reflux, endoscopy

How would we diagnose a persimmon obstruction?

carbonated cola, mineral oil, pelleted feeds, surgical (if its past the stomach? we need surgery)

What are treatment options for persimmon obstructions?