Cell Structures

What four living things are made of eukaryotic cells?

Plants, animals, protists, and fungi.

What living things are made of prokaryotic cells?

Bacterial cells (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria).

What kind of cell has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles?

Prokaryotic cell.

What kind of cell has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic cell.

What do we call the loose form of DNA?

Chromatin.

What do we call the condensed (tightly packed) form of DNA?

Chromosome.

Which cells have DNA?

All cells have DNA.

What is different about the chromosome structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes have a circular chromosome while eukaryotes have linear chromosomes.

What are histones?

Proteins around which chromatin is tightly wrapped.

Do bacteria have histones?

Not usually.

When will a eukaryote's DNA be found in the form of condensed chromosomes rather than loose chromatin?

When a cell is actively dividing (during mitosis or meiosis).

This is everything inside the cell membrane except the nucleus.

Cytoplasm.

The gooey/liquid portion of the cytoplasm.

Cytosol.

Which cells have cytoplasm and cytosol?

All cells.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Make proteins (protein synthesis).

What is the difference between a free ribosome and a ribosome attached to the rough ER?

They both make proteins but those proteins go different places. Free ribosomes make proteins that stay in the cytosol (like cyclin) and ribosomes attached to the rough ER make proteins that go somewhere "special": secreted from the cell, embedded in the plasma membrane, or enclosed in a lysosome.

Which cells have ribosomes?

All cells.

What does a ribosome look like?

What type of cell would have many ribosomes?

A cell that makes a lot of proteins.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Regulate what enters and leaves the cell.

What is another word for plasma membrane?

Cell membrane.

What does the plasma membrane look like in animal cells?

It is the outer layer of animal cells.

What does the plasma membrane look like in plant cells?

It is found just inside the cell wall of plant cells.

What does a "zoomed-in" view of the plasma membrane look like?

Double layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic fatty acid tails oriented towards each other on the interior of the membrane and hydrophilic heads pointed towards the outside of the cell and inside of the cell. Proteins and cholesterol embedded throughout.

Which cells have a plasma membrane?

All cells.

What is the function of the cell wall?

A protective layer found outside the cell membrane of some cells. Among other things, it helps prevent cells from bursting when they take in large volumes of water.

What does the cell wall look like?

Layer outside of cell membrane.

Are cell walls found in prokaryotes?

Yes, most.

Are cell walls found in eukaryotes?

Yes, some.

Are cell walls found in plant cells?

Yes and they are made of cellulose.

Are cell walls found in animal cells?

No.

Are cell walls found in protists?

Usually and they are made of cellulose.

Are cell walls found in fungi?

Usually and they are made of chitin.

Are cell walls found in bacteria?

Usually and they are made of peptidoglycan.

What is the function of a nucleus?

Holds DNA. Is where transcription occurs in eukaryotes.

What does a nucleus look like?

A membrane around DNA, nucleolus is inside.

What cells have a nucleus?

Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, protists, fungi).

What cells do not have a nucleus?

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria).

What is the function of a nucleolus?

Make ribosomes.

What does a nucleolus look like?

A dark spot inside the nucleus.

What cells have a nucleolus?

Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, protists, and fungi).

What is the function of the rough ER?

Holds ribosomes that make proteins that are destined to be embedded in the plasma membrane or shipped out of the cell ("secreted" from the cell). Modifies these proteins.

What does the rough ER look like?

Folded membrane that is connected to the nuclear membrane. Studded with ribosomes.

What cells have rough ER?

Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, protists, and fungi).

What type of eukaryotic cell would have a large surface area of rough ER?

A cell that needs to secrete a lot of proteins or make lots of proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane or make lots of lysosomal enzymes.

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Synthesizes lipids (which are used to make lipid-based hormones, steroids, and phospholipids for membranes), detoxifies metabolic wastes, detoxifies alcohol and drugs, and metabolizes some carbohydrates, among other things.

What does the smooth ER look like?

Folded, interconnected membrane. Contiguous with rough ER. No ribosomes.

What cells have smooth ER?

Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, protists, and fungi).

What type of eukaryotic cell would have a large surface area of smooth ER?

A cell that secretes steroids or other lipid-based hormones (such as a cell in the testes or ovaries), a cell that detoxifies stuff (like liver cells that detoxify drugs and alcohol), or a cell in the sebaceous glands of your skin (which secrete oil onto your skin) would have an abundance of smooth ER.

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Process/modify proteins that come from the rough ER, then package them into vesicles, and then those proteins are shipped out of the cell to be embedded in the plasma membrane or secreted out of the cell completely. Lysosomes also "bleb" off of the Golgi.

What does the Golgi body look like?

Folded sacs.

What cells have a Golgi body?

Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, protists, and fungi).

What type of eukaryotic cell would have a large surface area of Golgi?

Cells that secrete a lot of proteins, cells that have a lot of lysosomes.

What is the function of a vesicle?

A vesicle is fluid enclosed inside a lipid bilayer. They are typically quite small. They are involved in the processes of endocytosis, exocytosis, and transport of materials within the cytoplasm of a cell.

What does a vesicle look like?

Membrane bubble with something inside.

What is the function of a vacuole?

Vesicle that contains mostly water and is used for storage.

What does a vacuole look like?

Large membrane bubble filled with water (in plants). Smaller membrane bubbles used for storing things (in animals).

Which cells have a vacuole?

Eukaryotes (plants, animals, protists, and fungi).

What does a contractile vacuole look like?

Kind of like a star...

What is the function of a contractile vacuole?

Remove excess water.

Function of mitochondrion.

Performs cellular respiration (break down food to release ATP).

Which cells have mitochondria?

Eukaryotes (plants, animals, protists, fungi).

What does a mitochondrion look like?

Oval with two layers, inside layer is folded.

Which cell would need many mitochondria?

A cell that needs a great deal of energy.

Do plant cells have mitochondria?

Yes.

Function of chloroplast?

Photosynthesis (make sugar out of CO2 and water using energy from the sun).

What does a chloroplast look like?

Oval with two outside layers, stacks of little ovals inside. Green.

Do prokaryotes have chloroplasts?

No.

What cells have chloroplasts?

Some eukaryotes (plant cells and some protists).

What cells would have many chloroplasts?

A cell that needs to perform photosynthesis (like a leaf cell).

Function of centrosome?

Helps to generate and organize the spindle fibers, which assist in chromosome movement during mitosis and meiosis.

How many centrioles are found in the centrosome of animal cells?

2

How many centrioles are found in the centrosome of plant cells?

0

What does a centrosome look like?

Circle with lines poking out. May have centrioles inside.

Do prokaryotes have centrosomes?

No.