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Fluids

Substance like liquids or gasses that has the ability to carry and hold materials.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object.

Volume

The measure of how much space a substance takes up.

Thermal Expansion

Increase in volume in response to an increase in temperature.

Thermal Contraction

The decrease in volume in response to a decrease in temperature.

Particle Theory of Matter

All matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion.

Identical Particles

Particles of a pure substance are all the same.

Effect of Temperature on Particles

Temperature affects the speed at which particles move.

Particle Arrangement in Liquids and Solids

Particles are close together due to attraction.

Gas Particle Spacing

In gases, the space between particles is greater.

Transporting Solids

Fluids are used to transport solids (e.g., making paper).

Slurry Technology

A mixture of water and solids (e.g., Oobleck, cement).

Fluids in Cells

Water in cells holds materials for organelles support.

Heating Matter to Fluids

Matter can be heated to fluid form and shaped before cooling to solid.

Reducing Friction

Oil is added to engines to decrease friction and wear.

Preventing Rust

Paint is applied to iron to create a rust-preventing barrier.

Temperature Control

Fluids circulate to regulate temperature in devices like refrigerators.

Compression in Gases

Some fluids, like gases, can be forced into a smaller volume.

Ballast Tanks

Used in submarines filled with seawater or air to control buoyancy.

Cartesian Diver

Demonstrates how increased pressure compresses air, affecting buoyancy.

Viscosity

The resistance of a fluid to flow.

Flow Rate

Measure of the speed at which a fluid flows from one point to another.

Viscosity and Temperature (Liquids)

Viscosity decreases as the temperature increases.

Viscosity and Temperature (Gases)

Viscosity increases as the temperature increases.

Density

The ratio of mass to volume, typically expressed as g/ml.

States of Matter and Density

Solids are usually denser than liquids; liquids are denser than gases.

Density and Temperature

Density decreases as temperature increases.

Buoyancy

The tendency of an object in a fluid to rise or sink due to density differences.

Archimedes’ Principle

The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Density Effects on Buoyancy

Objects float if their density is less than the fluid; sink if greater.

Pressure Definition

The amount of force applied to a given area.

Depth Effects on Pressure

Pressure in a fluid changes with depth.

Fluid Flow Principle

Fluids move from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure.

Temperature Effects on Pressure

Pressure increases with temperature if the volume is constant.

Compressibility

The property of a substance being able to be compressed.

Gases and Compressibility

Gases are easily compressed due to large spaces between particles.

Liquids and Compressibility

Liquids are incompressible due to little space between particles.

Hot Air Balloons

Rise when heated, sink when the air cools down.

Buoyancy in Ships and Submarines

Use buoyancy principles to float and sink based on water displacement.

Plimsoll Line

Indicates how heavily a ship can be safely loaded in varying conditions.

Weather Balloons

Expand as they rise due to decreasing air pressure.

Fluid Movement in Devices

Fluids in straws and syringes move from high to low pressure areas.