NOCTI + YouScience

Theories/Stages

Egocentrism

Child sees the world from their own point of view.

Object permanence

Knowing something exists even when it’s hidden.

Conservation

Amount stays the same even when appearance changes.

Preoperational stage

Ages 2–7

imagination, pretend play, language

Sensorimotor stage

Birth–2

learns through senses + movement

Symbolic play

Using objects to represent something else (example: block = phone)

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

What a child can do with help

Scaffolding

Support given, then slowly removed.

Social Interaction

Learning through talking/working with others.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infant learns trust when needs are met

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Toddler wants independence

Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschooler wants to explore and lead.

Industry vs. Inferiority

School-age wants success and confidence.

Physiological needs

Food, water, sleep

Solitary play

Playing alone

Parallel play

Playing beside others

Associative play

Playing together loosely

Cooperative play

Playing together with the same goal

Dramatic play

Pretend Play

Fine Motor

Small muscles (writing, scissors)

Gross Motor

Big muscles (running, jumping)

Cognitive Development

Thinking/learning

Social-emotional development

Feelings + Relationships

Language development

Speaking/Listening

Physical Devlopment

Body growth + movement

Positive Guidence

Teaching behavior respectfully

Redirection

Moving child to another activity/choice

Anecdotal Record

Short written observation

Mandated Reporter

Must report suspected abuse/neglect

Confidentiality

Keep child/family information private

Inclusion

All children participate with support

Adaptation

Change made to help a child participate

Transition

Moving from one activity to another

Learning Centers

Classroom areas for hands-on learning