Microbiology Exam III

Features of mycobacteria are gram ..; kind of rods..

Type of cell wall..; high ..

Also has ..; which makes it require a ..

Grows..; stain used…

positive; rods

lipid; lipid content

mycolic acids; different stain

slow; acid fast

Mycobacteria are what kind of growers? Grow w/in

Others take up to ..; generation time

Group I photochromogens are pigment that …

Group II scotochromogens are pigmented in…

rapid; 3-7 days

6 weeks; between 20-36 hours

develops when exposed to light

pigmented in light and dark

Group III non-photochromogens have ..

Group IV rapid growers grow in …

Unique about cell wall? stain needed to visualize?

This stain is what kind of stain? Turns it …

no pigment

7 days or less

mycolic acid; AFB stain

kinyoun stain; pink

AFB stands for ..; which means it holds onto…; in…

AFB culture is gold standard for ..

Detects clinically significant …; detects what?

If you are collecting sputum, best one; how far apart

How many specimens recommended?

acid fast bacilli; primary stain; presence of strong acid

sensitivity & specificity

mycobacterial species; opportunistic pathogens

first morning specimen; 8 hours apart

3 specimens

Urine should be collected …; over ..

Other specimens that could be collected..

Gastric aspirates are…

Gastric aspirates need to be ..; usually collected in..

first morning; 3 consecutive days

CSF, tissue, gastric aspirates, blood, bone marrow

stomach contents

neutralized; young children

Gastric aspirates collected from kids because they…

They cough and cough and the sputum ends up ..

What AFB is isolated from urine?

AFB can take how long to grow..; so it is easily…

cannot form proper sputum

in their stomach

Bovis as it can be used to treat bladder cancer

6 weeks; overwhelmed by faster growing bacteria

AFB processing requires…

Specimen is centrifuged at …

Have to be processed because again..

Sodium hydroxide (2.5% NaOH) does what…

digestion, decontamination, and concentrate

high speed to concentrate

other bacteria will outgrow it

kills or decontaminates any other bacteria but AFB

NAlC is a ..; it does what..;because there’s a lot of..

That bacteria is..; so this allows it to be ..

Fluorescence microscopy uses ..; it is more..

Brightfield microscopy uses ..; what kind of method?

mucolytic agent; liquifies; mucous and strands

trapped in; destroyed

auramine O; sensitive

kinyoun; cold carbolfuchsin

Kinyoun performed & specimen + for AFB, rod color?

Partial acid-fast staining used specifically for ..

Which is associated with..; this is a modified…

Uses the same..; but a ..; what reagent is used?

red or pink

Nocardia

filamentous branching rods; kinyoun stain

reagents; weaker decolorizer; 1% H2SO4 not 3% HCI

Nocardia species has ..; gram..; rods are ..

What stain is needed? This is because of ..

Regular uses % ..; partial uses % ..; which is ..

mycolic acids; positive; branching

modified partial acid-fast stain; weaker acid

3% hydrogen chloride; 1% hydrogen sulfide; weaker

Solid media inoculation uses ..

It is ..; selective ..; which inhibits..

Middlebrook 7H11 is ..; earlier time of ..

Liquid Media is an …; added to ..

This is to discourage…

Lowenstein-jensen

egg based; malachite green; growth of bacteria/fungi

agar based; detection

antibiotic supplement & growth supplement; bottles

contamination & encourage AFB growth

Cultures are incubated for ..

Certain AFB species require ..; & enriched ..

All culture are incubated with % ..; at …

Extremities require ..

6 weeks

lower temps; medium for growth

6% CO2; 37 C

30 C ambient conditions for growth

Positive cultures are ..; and vortexed thoroughly in..

What slides are made for positive cultures?

In slants with growth, what is performed?

Pts w/ suspected TB put on..; specimen split w/ 1 for

removed from instrument; biosafety hood

gram stain, kinyoun, & auramine

gram stain

precaution; culture & other for TB PCR

Culture positives are confirmed with ..

Aliquot must be sent to ..

All mycobacteria are positive for ..

All mycobacteria produce ..

M. tuberculosis produces an excess of …; that gets..

auramine/kinyoun

DOH

catalase

niacin

niacin; released into media and can be tested

Nitrate tests for the ability to reduce ..

Urease tests the ability to …

Tween 80 hydrolysis differentiates ..

From..

nitrate to nitrite

hydrolyze urea into ammonia & CO2

slow growing mycobacterium

M. gordonae & M.scrofulaceum

M. tuberculosis is slowly ..; primarily…

Temp it grows in..; grows in how many days?

Color …; colony looks like ..; positive for what?

Granuloma is an …

This limits…

Granulomatous also has a large number of …

progressive; pulmonary

37 C; 12-25 days

buff colored; dry cauliflower; niacin & nitrate

inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate

growth but provides survival niche

organisms coughed up if lesion breaks into bronchus

Common symptoms for granulomatous

People at risk are people with close..; such as..

TB is highly..; droplet nuclei can hang in air for ..

Treatment is the ..

low grade fevers, night sweats, anorexia, fatigue

contact w/ someone + for TB; healthcare workers

transmissible; up to an hour

bacille calmette guerin vaccine

For TB, droplets are released by ..

Patient may have left ..; but transmission can still..

N95 can be worn by ..; HEPA filters can be used to ..

coughing, sneezing, breathing, shouting, talking

room; occur

healthcare professionals; clean air in rooms

Bacille calmette guerin vaccine which is an ..

Used to immunize ..; popular in ..

What will nullify PPD screening?

Patient will always be ..; and require…

attenuated strain of m.bovis

susceptible individuals against TB; Europe & Asia

prior administration

PPD positive; chest x-ray to rule out active disease

Latent TB does not cause ..; there are no ..

You cannot …; you do not know you …

What is in the body if you have it?

person to feel sick; symptoms

give it to other people; have it

granuloma

Active TB is the breakdown of ..

What are present? Can be transmitted to ..

Most TB disease occurs in …; but about %; occurs in

What other places can TB reside?

What pts are susceptible to alternate site infection?

granuloma

symptoms; others

lungs; 15%; other parts of the body

GU tract, lymph nodes, CNS, bone & joint

HIV positive patients

Mantoux Test injects …; under the …

Interferon-gamma release assays or IGRAs are…

They are known as ..

purified protein derivative of TB; skin of patient

2 TB blood tests approved by FDA and available

quantiferon TB gold tube test & T Spot TB test

Positive TB blood test is when person has been…

More testing is used to determine if …

Negative TB blood test is when person’s blood ..

What is not likely in this case?

infected with TB bacteria

person has latent TB or TB disease

did not react to test

latent TB infection or TB disease isn’t likely

Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) is TB that’s

It is used to treat ..

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is a ..

It is resistant to ..; and any..

And at least ..

resistant to at least isoniazid & rifampin

all people with TB disease

rare type of multidrug resistant tuberculosis

isoniazid & rifampin; fluoroquinolone

1 of 2 injectable second-line drugs

MDR & XDR TB is common in people who do not..

They do not take …

Or they develop ..

Infection control needed for pts w/ suspected TB?

take their TB meds regularly

TB meds as prescribed

TB disease again after TB medicine

negative pressure, no filter, gown, N95

What is a granuloma or tuberucle?

PPD is the ..; which helps you see if you have..

PPD result would be ..; because you had..

Vaccine used to prevent TB? Made from..

bundle of immune cells

purified protein derivative; latent TB

positive; immune response to it

bacille calmette guerin vaccine; strep bovis

Mycobacterium bovis produces…

It is spread to humans by ..; what common infection?

This infection led to ..

DIfferentiated from class? most strains are ..; means..

What can be used as treatment for bladder cancer?

disease in cattle and other animals

milk ingestion; finger infections during cow milking

osteomyelitis & osteoarthritis

TB; niacin-negative; nitrate don’t reduce to nitrite

mycobacterium bovis

4 front-line drugs used in TB

Regiment for treating TB have intensive phase of..

Followed by continuation phase of either…

rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

2 months

4 or 7 months

Rifampin can be used as ..; can have drug ..; color..

Drug of choice for ..

Isoniazid is only active against ..; is good for both..

Acts by preventing …

monotherapy LTBI; interaction; secretions orange-red

TB

MTB and M.kansasii; latent & active TB

synthesis of mycolic acids in cell wall

Pyrazinamide allows therapy to be shortened from ..

Only being used in the first…

Unclear mechanism of action but thought to interfere

Only active in..; works intracellularly in ..

Ethambutol inhibits the enzyme ..; blocks production

9 to 6 months

2 months of therapy

with production of mycolic acids

acidic environments; phagocytes

aribinosyl transferase III; of arabinogalactan

Mycobacterium leprae causes …

Can cultivate or grow by …; or sometimes..; because

Mycobacterium leprae transmitted via ..

Will not grow on ..; requires..

feet of armadillo; mice; cannot do artificial media

nose and mouth droplets

artificial media; armadillo foot pads or mice

Cardinal sign of M.leprae is skin lesion consistent w/

More signs include …

It is …; early tx prevents …

Treated with …

leprosy and definite sensory loss

thick or unthick nerves & positive skin smears

curable; disabilities

rifampin, clofazimine, dapsone

Lepramatous leprosy causes ..

Tuberculoid leprosy is…; causing..

Ptd with what condition is likely to acquire MAC?

How quickly can rapid growers grow?

Organism w/ implant surgeries, wound infection, CF

disfiguring lesions

less severe; fewer lesions

COPD

3-7 days

mycobacterium abscessus

Mycobacterium avium complex includes ..

Widely distributed in …

Seen in …

Also seen in patients with …; or a …

M. avium & M. intracellulare

water, soil, dust, mammals, poultry

immunocompromised & immunocompetent

COPD, other chronic respiratory

Mycobacterium avium has a high incidence in ..

High organism load in …

What kind of pathology? Found in what AIDs stage?

AIDs patients

intestine, liver & spleen, can be seen in bone marrow

necrotizing; end stage disease

Mycobacterium kansasii has a ..

Which turns…; after …

Clinical disease mimics…; causes..; but does not ..

photochromogen

yellow; light exposure

pulmonary TB; scarring; disseminate

Mycobacterium marinum best temp ..; no growth at..

Incubate all skin lesions at …

Has a …; lesions tend to follow…

Rapid growers include ..; they can grow within…

What infections can disseminate?

30 C; 37 C

30 C

photochromogen; lymphatics

M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. abscessus; 3-5 days

cutaneous infections, needle injection infections

Features of fungus is that is it..

Fungus lacks ..; nutrition type?

Cell wall is made up of ..; but no ..

Contains..; reproduction type? widely found in..

Two forms of fungus are?

eukaryotic meaning it has nuclear membrane

chlorophyl; absorptive

chitin, mannan, glucan; peptidoglycan

ergosterol; asexual or asexual; environment

unicellular & multicellular yeast

Unicellular yeast is ..; looks like ..

Multicellular is what kind of mold..; looks..

Where can fungus be found?

Specimen types include?

glossy & creamy; bacterial colonies

filamentous; fuzzy

everywhere, on you, in environment, air

blood cultures, CSF, hair, skin, nails, urine

What types of infections can fungus cause?

What diseases can fungus cause?

Fungal smears include..

India ink is a ..; used to visualize..

superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic

ringworm, thrush, pityriasis, piedra, histoplasmosis

calcofluor white & india ink

negative stain; capsule surrounding cryptococcus

Calcofluor white is a …; used for ..; binds to ..

What kind of stain? Uses what fluorescence?

Potassium hydroxide dissolves..

primary stain; fungal culture; chitin in cell wall

fungal; blue/green

tissue debris

Sabouraud dextrose agar is ..; will grow..

Inhibitory mold agar is ..; contains..; inhibits..

Mycosel is ..; contains..

Mycosel inhibits..

Mycosel is good for isolation of ..

nonselective; mold, yeast, and bacteria

selective; chloroamphenicol; bacteria

selective; chloroamphenicol & cycloheximide

bacteria, some molds, and some yeasts

dermatophytes & dimorphic fungi

Dermatophyte test media is only added for ..; is..

Has ..

Selects for ..; turns media from ..

In incubation/planting, organisms are incubated at..

Incubation time for routine specimens?

Specimens that grow in only 1 week incubation?

hair, skin, nails; selective

chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, gentamicin

dermatophytes; yellow to red

25-30 C in ambient conditions

4 weeks

yeast from mouth, tongue, vagina

At what temp do fungi like to grow?

Incubation time period?

Yeast is ..; has ..; which are elongated ..

Chlamydoconidia is a ..; produced in response to ..

25-30 C ambient conditions

4 week for routine specimens & 1 week for yeast only

single-celled; pseudohyphae; buds in chains

thick-walled conidia; adverse conditions

How do yeast typically reproduce?

Candidiasis is disruption of ..; allowing for..

Candida species that allow opportunistic infection

These species have what resistance to fluconazole

Clinical sign in cutaneous? mucocutane? systemic

budding

normal flora; infection

C. albicans & C. krusei

intrinsic resistance

skin,nail; thrush, vulvovaginal; endocarditis/meningitis

Cause of thrush?

Thrush lives in ..; and on ..; what’s thrush?

Thrush is transmitted through…; considered..

What infections can candida albicans cause?

antibiotics that wipe out normal flora

mouth; body; white plaque that can form

normal flora wiped out by antibiotics; opportunistic

yeast infections, systemic bloodstream infections

Candida auris is ..; making it a global…

It can enter …; and cause..; frequently..

Cryptococcus is a ..; can be found in the ..

Has a cryptococcal; species include…; positive for …

What virulence factor does cryptococcus have?

Cryptococcus can cause..

multidrug resistant; health threat

bloodstream; invasive infections; misidentified

major human pathogen; lungs/CNS

antigen; c.neoformans & c.gattii; urease

capsule

menigitis

C. neoformans causes infection in ..

Produces ..; which interacts with …

C. gattii causes infection in …; associated with …

Testing done for cryptococcus species

How can people acquire it?

immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS)

phenyloxidase; caffeic acid

immunocompetent patients; eucalyptus trees

india ink & bird seed agar

pigeon droppings

How gets infected with C. neoformans?

Who gets infected with C. gatti?

What stain can be used to visualize them?

immunocompromised people

normal healthy people

negative stain or india ink

Malassezia furfur complex is part of …

It is ..; shaped like a ..; can appear as ..; and short …

Requires what for growth? Cultured on media with ..

Causes ..; can also cause ..

Can cause ..; in infants receiving …

normal skin flora

small; baby bottle; round cells; hyphal fragment

lipids; thin layer of olive oil

tinea versicolor; seborrheic dermatitis & dandruff

disseminated infection; lipid replacement therapy

Malassezia furfur needs what to grow?; found on..

It especially likes where on body..; especially when..

On smear, it looks like…

Rhodotorula is an ..; rare ..; pigmentation is ..

lipids; body

hair & skin; greasy

spaghetti and meatballs

environmental yeast; human pathogen; red

Exophiala weneckii is the causative agent of..; or ..

Patch description..; found mostly in ..

Starts as a ..; resembling yeast that later develops ..

tinea nigra; palmaris

non-scaly discolored patch on hands/feet; tropics

black budding cells; mycelia

Trichosporon species is causative agent of ..

Fungal colonization of ..; causes ..; in the ..

Found in …; appears as ..

Can be found as ..; smear has ..; inside and outside..

white piedra

hair shaft; soft yellowish nodules; axillary & groin

tropical regions; white, wrinkly yeast

normal flora on skin; hyphae and conidia; hair shaft

Piedraia hortae causes ..; mostly on the ..

Found in ..; on smear, what is present..; where…

Appears as ..

Geotrichum is part of ..; opportunistic in ..

Produces..

hard, black nodules on hair shaft; scalp

tropics; dark hyphae & conidia; hair shaft

dark-brown downy to glabrous colonies

normal microbiota; immunocompromised

arthroconidia

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an ..; originally thought to be

Causes ..; in ..

Staining is ..

Mold has ..; which are tubular structures that may be..

Vegetative hyphae which allows it to …

atypical fungus; parasite

pneumoniae; immunocompromised

immunofluorescent for identification

septate or aseptate

uptake nutrients

Aerial hyphae is for …; mycelium is a …

Conidia is …; macroconidia is ..; microconidia is ..

Arthroconidia are fragments of ..

Sporangium is what kind of structure..; containing ..

reproduction; group of hyphae

asexual; large, multiseptated; small, unicellular

hyphae that form spores

sac-like; sporangiospores only in zygomycetes

Mold is subcultured to …; for identification

Need to prepare smear w/ ..; can be identified…

Thought to be parasite, but causes pneumonia in immunocompromised

potato dextrose agar

lactophenol cotton blue; macro/microscopically

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Dermatophytes are ..; infecting anything with ..

It is not part of ..; associated with ..

Cause of …

Trichophyton species are have numerous..; of ..

What is also produced? infects…

molds; keratin, hair, nails

normal flora; soil

ringworm or tinea

microconidia; various shapes and sizes

macroconidia; hair, skin, nails

Trichophyton rubrum resembles..; rarely invades..

T. tonsurans is extremely…; major pathogen for ..

T. tonsurans resembles..

Trichopphytan mentagrophytes is common cause of..

Has what kind of hyphae?

birds on a wire; hair

common; scalp ringworm

telephone pole or birds on a log

athletes foot

spiral hyphae

Microsporum species usually produces numerous..

Also produces..; infects ..

Microsporum canis is ..; transmitted by ..

Microsporum canis color..

Microsporum gypseum color..; numerous ..; shape

rough walled macroconidia

microconidia; skin, hair, and rarely nails

zoophilic; cats and dogs

feathery white

cinnamon brown; thin-wall macroconidia; cucumber

Epidermophyton species macroconidia is ..

What is absent? infects ..; not known to invade…

Epidermophyton floccosum is thin macroconidia w/..

thin, smooth-walled

microconidia; skin & nails; hair

rounded ends

Dimorphic fungi can exist as a ..; depending on..

Not ..; since infectious form is ..

Can be converted from ..

Grows as a mold at ..; this is what form..; found in..

Grows as yeast at ..; what form..; found in ..

yeast or mold; temperature

communicable; mold

one form to another

25 C; saprophytic form; environment

37 C; parasitic form; host

Are dimorphic fungi dangerous?

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a ..; found in ..

Has been sporadically isolated from.. primary is ..

Similar to ..; causing ..

Secondary is ..; causing ..

Systemic can cause spread to …; rarely involves..

very dangerous in mold form & easily inhaled

north american blastomycosis; Mississippi, ohio
environment; pulmonary

TB; night sweats, weight loss, bloody sputum

cutaneous; skin lesions

GU tract; bone, CNS, liver, spleen; GI tract

Blastomyces dermatidis mold is ..; # of weeks?

Yeast is large with ..; what’s neded for identification?

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis found in..

Rarely isolated from..; primary is ..

Mucocutaneous disease in; systemic spreads to ..

Mold grows ..; yeast has …

slow growing; 2-3 weeks

broad based bud; conversion from mold to yeast

south america

environment; pulmonary

mouth, jaw, nose, face; visceral organs, liver, spleen

slowly; multiple buds w/ narrow connections

Coccidioides immitis/posadasii is confined to ..

Found in..; also called..; named for ..

Primary associated w/..; cutaneous may be result of..

Systemic may involve..; mold grows..

Dimorphic fungi that causes San Joaquin fever, spherules at 37 C, acquired from soil?

San Joaquin Valley of Southern California

soil; San Joaquin Valley fever; spherules

lab deaths; dissemination or inoculation

bone, joints, CNS, other organs; rapidly

coccidioides immitis/posadasii

Histoplasma capsulatum found primarily in ..

Found in ..; enriched with ..; found during..

Primary is ..; cutaneous disease often found..

Systemic spreads by..; involving..

Mold grows…; yeast is ..

Midwest between Mississippi

soil; bird/bat droppings; spelunking (cave exploring)

pulmonary; secondarily

reticuloendothelial system; liver, spleen, bone marrow

slowly; very small

Dimorphic fungi associated w/ inhaling cave spores?

Sporothric schenckii complex is also known as..

Found in ..; most cases are in ..

Most commonly causes ..; lesion kind?

Rare involvement of ..; what may occur?; smear often

Growth will occur on..; grows..; mold at room temp is

Yeast at 37 C is ..; when positive, what shape?

Histoplasma capsulatum

rose gardeners disease

soil, decaying vegetation, sphagnum moss; Mexico

chronic lymphocutaneous; nodular lesions of skin

bone, joints, lungs; dissemination; negative

mycosel agar; slowly; black leathery

creamy white; cigar shaped

Talaromyces (penicillium) marneffi common ..

Source of ..; causes infection in ..; is ..

Rarely found as…; only human pathogen is ..

Causes what diseases? color of colony; grows at..

Disease caused by this organism defines what..

fungal contaminant

antibiotic penicillin; immunocompromised; dimorphic

infectious agent; T. marneffi

pulmonary, systemic, ear infection; grey/green; 37C

AIDS in S.E. Asia

Mold that is most common cause of ear infections?

Aspergillus is ..; found in..; transmission by ..

Primary pathogen of ..; pulmonary includes..

Colonizing has .. is..; disseminated may involve...

Superficial and subcutaneous involves..

aspergillus niger

ubiquitous; soil, water, food; inhalation

turkeys; allergic, asthma, bronchopulmonary

aspergilloma; invasive; cardiovascular, GI, genital

eyes, nose, ears, nails

Aflatoxicosis is primarily from..

Hyaline molds species include..

Aspergillus fumigatus most frequent cause of..; color

Aspergillus niger involved in ..; colony color

Penicillium species is a ..; rarely causes..; source of..

grains and nuts

A. fumigatus, A. niger, penicillium species

infection & allergies; smoky green

ear and other infections; black gritty

common fungal contaminants; infection; penicillin

Zygomycetes is ..; known as ..; most have broad..

Strictly..; grows..; fills..; causes ..

Cases result of ..; invades.; in ..; causing infection in..

Destructs ..; invades ..; causes lesions in ..; tx is..

Zygomycetes species include..

ubiquitous; bread molds; aseptate hyphae

opportunistic; rapid; empty spaces; zygomycosis

metabolic acidosis; nasal mucosa; diabetics; sinus

burned tissue; blood vessels; brain; sx & antifungals

mucor spp & rhizopus spp

Antifungals azoles include ..

Fluconazole is highly ..; active..

Can cause ..; most C. albicans are ..; C. krusei has ..

Voriconazole has good activity against..

ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole

bioavailable; against many candida species

hepatotoxicity; susceptible; intrinsic resistance

candida species and molds

Echinocandins include..

Inhibits synthesis of; activity against most..; including

Used as what therapy ..; no activity against ..

Mold most commonly colonizes lungs of CF patients

caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin

cell wall glucan;candida species;fluconazole resistant

salvage for invasive aspergillus; cryptococcus

aspergillus fumigatus

Mucor/Rhizopus dangerous for immunocompromised

Fill spaces like ..

Antifungal drug class used to treat fungal infections

Selective toxicity selectively finds and ..

they grow fast and fill empty spaces

sinuses in the brain and blood vessels

Azoles

destroys pathogens w/o damaging the host

Chemotherapy is the use of ..

Antibiotic is substance produced by ..; that ..

Antimicrobial drug is synthetic substances that ..

Prophylactic therapy is treatment given to ..

chemicals to treat a disease

microbe in small amounts; inhibit another microbe

interfere with growth of microbes

prevent infection that has not yet formed

Empiric therapy is given to patient with suspected ..; with; has..

Antibiotics target both..

Definitive therapy has ..; what are known..; can …

Susceptibility testing methods

MIC is lowest concentration where ..; MBC is lowest concentration of..

infections; organisms not yet identified; broad spectrum

gram positive and gram negative organisms

narrow spectrum; culture/sensitivities; de/escalate tx

MIC, MBC, peak/trough concentration, susceptible, intermediate, resistant

microbes are inhibited; antimicrobial that kills organism

Bacteriostatic is antibiotic that ..; without actually; gives…

Bactericidal is antibiotic that ..

Persister cell are microbes with ..; allowing for their ..; when exposed to..

Antimicrobial drugs inhibit..; target…; inhibit…

Peak concentration makes sure that ..; At trough, you need to ..

inhibits growth; killing organism; host immune system time to catch up

genetic characteristics; survival; antibiotic found in bottom of biofilms

cell wall synthesis; protein synthesis; nucleic acid synthesis

drug is working/within therapeutic range; give next dose to bring to peak

Disk diffusion is when standardized inoculum is applied to ..

Incubated at ..; in ..; for ..

Measure ..; interpret zones based on ..

Zone of inhibition has highest concentration of antibiotic…

Concentration of antibiotic decreases as it..

surface of Mueller-Hinton agar

35 C; ambient air; 16-18 hours

zone of inhibition around each disk; CLSI guidelines

immediately surrounding disk

diffuses away from the disk

Method where disk w/ antimicrobials grow lawn of bacteria?

Will organism sensitive to antibiotic have zone of inhibition on disk plate

Modified Hodge Test uses E. Coli sensitive to ..; to see if anyone has..

Drug put on there is ..

Gene that codes for methicillin resistance in S. aureus?

disk diffusion or Kirby Bauer

yes

carbopenem; CRE or CRO

mecA gene

Modified Hodge Test positive result has ..; because what is present?

Which means the antibiotic is …; allowing E.coli to ..

Beta-lactams target..; fluoroquinolone target…

Aminoglycosides target…; tetracyclines target…

Macrolides target…

clover leaf indent; carbapenem

inactivated; grow closer to the disk

cell wall (peptidoglycan); DNA

ribosomes or protein; ribosomes or protein

ribosomes or proteins

Natural/intrinsic antimicrobial resistance is inherent,…; present in..

Acquired/chromosomal mutation resistance has decreased..; produces

Acquired/mutational resistance has spontaneous..; acquisition of..

Modification of target is when antimicrobe binds to ..; essential to.

Inactivation of antimicrobes are when genes can ..; that convert..

naturally occuring resistance; most strains of specific microbe

permeability; enzymes that modify antibiotic

chromosomal mutations; plasmids

specific target; cell’s life process

encode for eznymes; antimicrobial agent to an inactive form

Macrodilution uses ..; microdilution uses…

Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is extension of ..; to ..

Subculture broths that exhibit ..; no growth after incubation means

Molecular testing is detection of presence of a ..

Enteric bacteria may produce ..; that hydrolyze..

Phage therapy uses ..; to treat ..

test tubes; microtiter wells

MIC; determine minimum killing level

no visible growth; antibiotic dilution was bactericidal

resistance gene using molecular methods

extended spectrum B lactamases; pencillin/cephalosporin

bacteriophage; infections

White blood cell counts measure the number of ..

Low WBC counts may indicate..

Innate immunity are defenses against..; present at …; responds..

Adaptive immunity is …; responds ..; has a …

Another name for white blood cells

leukocytes in the blood

viral infection, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, med side effects

any pathogen; birth; rapidly

resistance to specific pathogen; slower; memory component

leukocytes

High WBC counts may indicate..

Immunity is ability to …; Susceptibility is lack of ..

Toll-like receptors attach to ..; examples include…

TLR bound to PAMPs induce release of ..; from ..; that regulate the ..

Cytokines recruit other ..; and activate ..

bacterial infection, autoimmune disease, side effects of medications

ward off disease; resistance to a disease

pathogen-associated molecular patterns; LPS, flagella, peptidoglycan

cytokines; host cell; intensity & duration of immune response

macrophages & dendritic cells; T cells & B cells of adaptive response

Cytokine are small ..; that act as …

Dermis of the skin is the ..; made of ..

Epidermis is the ..; made of ..; containing ..; which is a protective..

Shedding & skin dryness inhibits…; skin is formidable barrier to ..

Microbes rarely if ever penetrate the ..

proteins; chemical messengers for immune system

inner portion; connective tissue

outer portion; tightly packed epithelial cells; keratin; protein

microbial growth; microbes

intact healthy epidermis

Mucous membrane is the ..; that lines the ..

Mucus is a viscous ..; that trap ..

Lacrimal apparatus drains..; washes..

Ciliary escalator transports..; trapped in ..

Epiglottis prevents ..; from entering ..

epithelial layer; gastrointestinal, respiratory, & genitourinary tracts

glycoproteins; microbes and prevents tracts from drying out

tears; eyes

microbes; mucus away from the lungs

microorganisms from entering the lower respiratory tract

Earwax prevents..; urine cleans the ..

Sebum forms the ..; and lowers the ..

Gastric juice has ..; destroys ..

Lysozyme is in ..; it destroys…

Vaginal secretions move ..; have a ..; inhibits..

microbes from entering air; urethra via flow

protective film; pH of skin

low pH; most bacteria and toxins

perspiration, tears, saliva, & urine; bacterial cell walls

microorganisms out of vaginal tract; low pH; microbes

Normal microbiota competes with ..; via ..

Competitive advantage for ..; produces substances..

Alters conditions that ..; prevents ..

Plays essential role in ..

pathogens; microbial antagonism

space and nutrients; harmful to pathogens

affect pathogen survival; overgrowth of harmful microbes

development of immune system

Commensalism is when one organism…

Erythrocytes are ..; leukocytes are ..; other cells in plasma are..

Cells and cell fragments in plasma are created in ..; via..

Probiotics are live ..; administered to ..

Prebiotics are chemicals that ..

benefits while the other host is unharmed

red blood cells; white blood cells; platelets

red bone marrow; hematopoiesis

microbial cultures; exert beneficial effect

selectively promote growth of beneficial bacteria

Granulocytes are ..; with ..; in their …; visible w/…

Neutrophils are highly ..; most active in ..; can enter..

Basophils release..; work in ..

Eosinophils are ..; they are toxic against…

leukocytes; granules; cytoplasm; light microscope

phagocytic; early stages of infection; infected tissue

histamine; allergic responses

phagocytic; parasites & helminths

Agranulocytes are ..; w/ granules in ..; that are not..

Monocytes mature into ..; where they are ..

Dendritic cells are found in the ..; they are ..

Lymphocytes include ..; play a role in ..

leukocytes; cytoplasm; visible with a light microscope

macrophages in tissue; phagocytic

skin, mucous membranes, thymus; phagocytic

T cells, B cells, NK cells; adaptive immunity

Lymph carries ..; to ..; where ..

Can encounter and ..

Phagocytosis is the …; by a ..

Professional phagocytes include …

Macrophages develop from ..; that have …

microbes; lymph nodes; B/T lymphocyte, macrophage

destroy the pathogen

ingestion of microorganism; cell

neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages

monocytes; left the blood

Steps of phagocytosis include

Phagocytes are …; that predominate early in..

Chemotaxis are.; that attract…

Adherence is attachment of a …

Opsonization is microorganism coated with ..

activate, chemotaxis, recognize, opsonize, ingestion

neutrophils; initial phase of bacterial infection

chemical signals; phagocytes to microorganisms

phagocyte to surface of microorganism

serum protein, making adherence easier

Pseudopods are ..; on the ..; that extend & engulf..

Engulfed microorganism is enclosed in a ..

Phagosome becomes ..; which activates the..

Lysosomes fuse with the ..; forming a ..

cytoplasmic projections; phagocyte; microorganisms

phagosome

acidic; hydrolytic enzymes

phagosome; phagolysosome

Lysosomes provide numerous ..; which is called..

Microorganism is digested inside a ..

Inflammation is a ..; triggered by ..

Signs and symptoms include ..

enzymes & toxic oxygen products; oxidative burst

phagolysosome

local defensive response; damage to tissues

pain, redness, immobility, swelling or edema

Inflammation destroys ..

Repairs and replaces …

Early in inflammation, microbial chemicals stimulate..

Macrophages release..; including..

Acute inflammation develops..; lasts for ..

agents causing injury or limits their effects on body

tissue damaged by injurious agent

TLRs of macrophages

cytokines; tumor necrosis factor alpha

rapidly; few days to few weeks

Chronic inflammation develops..; lasts..; may be..

Margination are phagocytes that stick to ..

Diapedesis are phagocytes that ..

Phagocytosis of invading bacteria …

more slowly; months to years; severe & progressive

endothelium

squeeze between endothelial cells

occurs

Vasodilation are when blood vessels..

Associated with …

Increased blood vessel permeability enable ..; to pass

Vasodilation & increased permeability delivers blood..

dilate immediately after tissue injury

erythema and heat of inflammation

defensive substances; through vessel walls to injury

clotting elements to site of injury

Cytokine release is part of ..; stimulating..

Phagocytes arrive at scene within..; once ..

Neutrophils are attracted by ..

Tissue repair cannot be completed until..

positive feedback loop; cells to release more cytokine

hour; inflammation has been initiated

chemokines

all harmful substances are removed or neutralized

Cytokine storm is an …; that causes …

May lead to ..

Caused by …

out of control release of cytokines; tissue damage

pneumonia,pulmonary edema, multiorgan dysfunction

overproduction of cytokines