LS Quiz 2

Morphology

Component of mental grammar that deals with types of words and how words are formed out of smaller, mengingful units

Derivation

Creating words out of other words to create new meaning

Inflection

Creation of different grammatical forms of a word

Homophones

Affixes that sound alike but have different meanings or functions

Bound Roots

Roots that have some basic meaning, but are still unable to stand alone

Allomorphs

Any of the different variant surface-level forms or pronunciations of a single morpheme

Phonological Allomorphy

Occurs when a single morpheme (the smallest unit of meaning) changes its pronunciation or shape based on the surrounding sound

Weak suppletion

Similar forms, but no pattern regular enough to be captured by a phonological rule

Strong Suppletion

Different forms, but treated as part of the same lexeme resulting from inflection.

Compouding

New words are formed by combining 2 or more independent words

Reduplication

New words are formed by doubling an entire free morpheme

Alternation

Modifications to the internal structure of a morpheme

Suprasegmental Morphology

Uses stress, tone, pitch, or duration to alter grammatical meaning or create new words

Syntax

How words and phrases are combined into larger sentences

Grammatical

Combined words that form a sentence

Ungrammatical

Combined words that do not form a sentence

Predicate

Part of a sentence or clause that contains the verb and tells us what the subject is doing

Clause

A grouping of words (constituent) that includes a subject and a predicate. Can be independent or dependent

Arguments

Adding words that complete the core meaning of the predicate. Ex) “I Sam” vs. “I am Sam”

Sentence

Clause that stands on its own as an utterance

Intransitive predicate

One argument, no object. (SV) Ex) “Sam reads.”

Transitive predicate

Two arguments; one object (SVO). Ex) “Sam reads a book.”

Ditransitive Predicate

Three arguments; two objects (SVOO). Ex) “Sam gave me a book”

Declarative Sentences

Makes a statement

Interrogative Sentences

Asks a question

Imperative Sentences

Makes a request or demand

Simple Sentence

Has one clause

Compound Sentences

Has at least 2 independent clauses linked by a conjunction

Complex Sentences

An independent clause and a dependent clause. (embedded clause) Ex.) Sam knows that he likes ham.

Embedded clause

A clause inside a clause. “The student who sits by the window is absent”.

Complement Clauses

Embedded clauses that also complete the meaning of a noun, verb, or adjective. Ex.) “I know that she passed the exam”.

Constituent

Any group of words that act together within a sentence

Replacement Tests

Replace the suspected phrase with other words

Movement Tests

Moving a constituent somewhere else in the sentence without changing meaning or grammar

It Clefts

Take string of words and put them after the words it was, then put the remaining part after the word that

Determiner

a word placed before a noun or noun phrase to introduce it and show specificity, quantity, or possession

Auxiliaries

Is a helping verb used alongside a main verb to express tense, mood, voice, or emphasis

Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliaries that express necessity, ability, permission, or possibility

Prepositions

Location/ grammatical relations and almost always followed by noun phrases

Structural Ambiguity

Words can have multiple meanings

Co-Occurrence

Words that help other words be grammatical in a sentence

Adjuncts

Optional modifications (adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases)

Agreements

Changes words to match grammatical features. Ex.) “I is Sam” vs “I am Sam”

Semantics

How the meaning of words combine to form meaning of sentence

Lexical semantics

Meaning of words

Compositional Semantics

How complex phrases are put together by smaller, meaningful words

Compositionality

The meaning of a complex linguistic unit results from the individual meanings of its subparts and how these subparts were combined

Proposition Antonym

Claim expressed by a sentence that can be true or false

Truth Condition

Conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for a proposition to be true

Entailment

Not concerned with actual truth values of propositions, but rather evaluating their truth conditions

Meaning

Name/identifying phrase, reference, and sense

Dictionary-style definitions

Defines words in terms of other words

Mental-image Definitions

Personalized mental image that changes with context

Usage-based Definitions

Knowing what a word means and knowing under what conditions it is appropriate to use it

Word reference

Collection of things in the world that represent the concept expressed by the word

Hyponym

A word with a specific meaning that falls under a broader, more general category

Hypernym

A general, broad word that represents a whole category or class of more specific words

Sister Terms

Reference is on the same level

Synonym

2 words that have exactly the same reference

Antonym

Meanings are related, yet contrast in some significant way

Complementary Antonym

Pair of opposite words that have a strict either-or relationship with no middle ground or gradability between them

Gradable Antonym

A pair of opposite words that sit at the two ends of a continuous scale that has a middle ground

Reverse Antonym

Suggest movement, one undoes the other

Converse Antonym

2 opposite points of view, change in perspective

Simple Predicate

Main verb/ verb phrase. Ex) “I am Sam”

Complete Predicate

Main verb and all the words that modify it/ complete its meaning Ex) “I am Sam”