Religion: Judaism

Torah

The foundational sacred text of judaism

TaNaKh

The canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures and the foundational text of Judaism

Septuagint

(Abbreviated as LXX) is the earliest ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible

Mishnah

Is the first major written collection of the Jewish Oral Torah

Talmud

The central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology

Prophet

A person chosen by god to receive a direct divine message and transmit it to the people

Priest

Called a Kohen-Is a hereditary lineage passed down patrilineally from Aaron(brother of Moses), who belong to the Tribe of Levi

Scribe

Specially trained religious craftsmen a who hand-write and inspect sacred Hebrew texts

King

Human earthly kinds and God as the supreme king

Rabbi

A teacher, spiritual leader, and legal scholar of Judaism rather than a priest or sacred intermediary

Ethical Monotheism, understandings of nature

A belief in one supreme, personal(abbreviated as LXX) is the earliest ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.

Sin

Sin is not seen as an inherent state of being or a stain on a person's soul, but rather as a misstep or a failure to follow God's commandments (mitzvot).

sin and suffering

sin is viewed as a temporary mistake or "missing the mark," while suffering is seen as an ongoing human challenge meant for growth, learning, or reflection.

Forgiveness

forgiveness is a structured process of repairing relationships that requires an insincere or passive apology to be replaced by active reconciliation between the person who caused harm and the person who was hurt.

Atonement

the process of reconciliation and restoring a broken relationship with God after committing a sin or wrongdoing

Exile/Return

a pivotal period in Jewish history during the 6th century BCE when the Jewish people were forced out of their homeland and later allowed to return.

Life to come

spans biblical history, theology, and the human experience, often pointing toward renewal, a fresh start, and a "life to come."

World to come

the future spiritual or physical state of existence that follows life in this world

Messiah

a modern religious movement whose followers are ethnically or culturally Jewish, but believe that Jesus (Yeshua) is the promised Jewish Messiah

Repair of the world

Tikkun Olam- It is the idea that the world is incomplete or broken, and human beings have a responsibility to work together with God to fix and improve it.

Human beings as image and likeliness of God

Means that every human being has a spark of the divine and infinite worth.

Theodicy

the attempt to defend and justify God's goodness, power, and justice when there is so much pain, suffering, and evil in the world

Sabbath

Judaism's weekly day of rest and holiness

Brit Milah/bris

the traditional Jewish circumcision ceremony for a baby boy

Bar Mitzvag/Bat Mitzvah

It is the coming-of-age milestone for a Jewish boy when he turns 13 years old.

Marriage

a sacred, God-sanctified covenant (called a brit) that unites two people into a single spiritual and physical partnership.

Death

the permanent separation of the soul from the body

Formal Daily Prayers

a traditional, simple invocation asking God to grant peace and eternal life to those who have passed away.

Kaddish

a central liturgical prayer in Judaism written primarily in Aramaic rather than Hebrew.

Rosh Hashanah

The Jewish New Year

Yom Kippur

is the holiest and most solemn day of the year in Judaism.

Abraham and Sarah

Sarah are the foundational patriarch and matriarch of Judaism—the first historical and spiritual ancestors of the Jewish people who established the covenant with God and introduced monotheism

Issac

the second of the three major Hebrew patriarchs, the son of Abraham and Sarah, the husband of Rebekah, and the father of Jacob and Esau

Jacob/Israel

is the third and final Patriarch of Judaism, the son of Isaac and Rebekah, and the grandson of Abraham and Sarah.

Moses

central prophet, lawgiver, and foundational leader in Judaism who delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt and received the Torah at Mount Sinai

David

refers to the second and greatest king of the united Kingdom of Israel and Judah (c. 1000 BCE), as well as the progenitor of the royal dynastic line from which the Moshiach (Messiah) will descend.

Solomon

is not a formal theological branch or denomination of the Jewish faith. Instead, the phrase typically refers to either of two primary subjects:

Elijah

Eliyahu, meaning "My God is Yahweh") is a revered 9th-century BCE Hebrew prophet, miracle worker, and central figure in Jewish folklore and eschatology.

Creation

the foundational belief that God brought the universe, time, and all life into existence.

Exodus

Meaning "Departure from Egypt") is the foundational story of liberation, covenant, and national identity.

Ask of the Covenant

Is the sacred, gold-covered wooden chest that held the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments given to Moses on Mount Sinai.

Establishment of Kingdom of Israel

refers to the historical and biblical transition of the ancient Hebrew people from a loose confederation of tribes led by judges and prophets into a centralized, unified monarchy around the turn of the 10th century BCE

Establishment of 1st Temple

Solomon’s Temple or Beit HaMikdash) refers to the construction and dedication of the first permanent, central sanctuary of the Jewish people in Jerusalem during the 10th century BCE.

Assyrian Destruction of Northern Kingdom of Israel

refers to the military conquest, fall of the capital Samaria in 722–721 BCE, and forced mass deportation of the northern Israelite population by the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Babylonian Destruction of Southern Kingdom of Judah

refers to the military conquest and downfall of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire between 597 and 587/586 BCE, which ended the independent Davidic monarchy and initiated the Babylonian Captivity.

Synagouge

a Jewish house of worship, communal center, and place of study

2nd Temple

is the religion and culture of the Jewish people from the construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem around 516 BCE until its destruction by the Roman Empire in 70 CE

Roman Destruction 2nd Temple, Jerusalem

was the burning and razing of the central sanctuary of Jewish worship in Jerusalem by Roman forces led by General Titus during the First Jewish–Roman War.

Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism

the historical and religious transition in Judaism that took place roughly between the 1st and 6th centuries CE, shifting the center of Jewish life from the sacrificial cult of the Jerusalem Temple to the study of scripture, prayer, and the interpretation of the Torah led by rabbis.

Emergence of Schools

Schools of Thought- the historical process by which single, centralized Israelite worship evolved into distinct factions, sects, and modern denominations.

Physical- the transition of Jewish learning from an informal parent-child duty to the world's first mandatory, community-funded public school system

Reform

a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes adapting traditional faith to modern life, individual autonomy, and social justice

Orthodox

a traditionalist movement in Judaism that views both the Written Law (the Torah) and the Oral Law (codified in the Talmud) as divine and immutable revelations given by God.

Conservative

is a major Jewish religious movement that occupies a middle ground between Orthodox Judaism and Reform Judaism.