NUTH 1101 Exam 1 - Professional Nursing Practice Foundations (Chapters 1-7)

A comprehensive vocabulary flashcard set covering all 105 study questions from Chapters 1 through 7 of Professional Nursing Practice Foundations.

Benner's 5 Stages of Nursing Expertise

Novice → Advanced Beginner → Competent → Proficient → Expert.

Novice Nurse

A nurse with little experience who relies on specific rules and step-by-step procedures.

Advanced Beginner Nurse

A nurse who has some experience and begins recognizing meaningful aspects of care.

Competent Nurse

A nurse usually 2–3 years in one area who organizes care and sets long-range goals.

Proficient Nurse

A nurse who sees the whole clinical situation and applies knowledge from past experiences.

Expert Nurse

A nurse with extensive experience who intuitively recognizes patient problems.

Nursing Autonomy

Initiating independent nursing interventions without medical orders.

Nursing Accountability

Professional and legal responsibility for the type and quality of care provided.

Nurse's Role as an Advocate

Protecting rights/safety and supporting informed choices, autonomy, and preferences.

Nurse's Role as an Educator

Assessing learning needs, teaching care, reinforcing learning, and evaluating progress.

Nurse's Role as a Communicator

Building therapeutic relationships and coordinating communication and decisions.

Nurse's Role as a Caregiver

Helping patients maintain/regain health and supporting overall well-being.

Nurse's Role as a Manager

Coordinating staff and care while managing resources and supporting collaboration.

Four APRN Roles

CNS, NP, CNM, and CRNA.

Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)

Provides expertise in a population/setting and supports care and evidence-based change.

Nurse Practitioner (NP)

Assesses, diagnoses, treats, monitors, evaluates therapy, and provides education.

Certified Nurse-Midwife (CNM)

Provides pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, gynecologic, and reproductive care.

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA)

An advanced practice nurse who provides anesthesia and pain-care services.

Nurse Practice Act (NPA)

State law defining nursing scope of practice and protecting public safety.

Licensure vs. Certification

Licensure authorizes practice; certification recognizes specialty expertise.

Florence Nightingale

Advanced sanitation, nurse education, health restoration, and use of statistics.

Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross who cared for Civil War soldiers.

Mary Mahoney

First professionally educated African-American nurse who promoted diversity and respect.

Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster

Opened Henry Street Settlement to serve poor communities in New York.

Preventive Care

Reduces disease risks; e.g., immunizations, screenings, wellness visits.

Primary Care

Health promotion and routine/common illness care; e.g., prenatal or well-baby care.

Secondary Care

Acute illness care; e.g., emergency care, hospital care, or outpatient surgery.

Tertiary Care

Highly specialized care; e.g., ICU, oncology, cardiology, or neurology.

Restorative Care

Helps regain function/independence; e.g., rehabilitation or home care.

Continuing Care

Ongoing long-term support; e.g., assisted living or nursing centers.

IDEAL Discharge Planning

Include, Discuss, Educate, Assess, Listen.

Goal of IDEAL Discharge Planning

Involve patients/families to prevent adverse events and reduce readmissions.

The 'I' in IDEAL Discharge Planning

Include patients and families as full partners in discharge planning.

The 'D' in IDEAL Discharge Planning

Discuss home life, medications, warning signs, test results, and follow-up.

The 'E' in IDEAL Discharge Planning

Educate using plain language throughout the patient's stay.

The 'A' in IDEAL Discharge Planning

Assess understanding; use methods such as teach-back.

The 'L' in IDEAL Discharge Planning

Listen to and honor goals, preferences, observations, and concerns.

Community-Based Health Care

Person-centered care in community settings emphasizing primary care and prevention.

Three Components of Community Assessment

Structure/locale, population, and social system.

Community Nurse as Case Manager

Assesses needs and coordinates providers, resources, and services.

Community Nurse as Epidemiologist

Tracks disease patterns, performs surveillance, and investigates health changes.

Medically Underserved

People facing poverty, homelessness, disability, immigration barriers, or limited access.

Nursing Theory

A framework that describes, explains, predicts, or prescribes nursing care.

Major Components of a Theory

Phenomenon, concepts, definitions, and assumptions/propositions.

Grand Theory

A broad, abstract framework addressing nursing as a whole.

Middle-Range Theory

A narrower theory focused on a specific phenomenon, such as comfort.

Practice / Situation-Specific Theory

A narrow theory addressing care for a particular population or situation.

Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Theory

Descriptive explains phenomena; prescriptive specifies interventions and predicts outcomes.

Four Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts

Person, health, environment/situation, and nursing.

Henderson's Theory

Helping with 14 activities until the patient gains independence or peaceful death.

Neuman's Theory

Patients as open systems; address stressors, stabilize, and prevent illness.

King's Theory

Nurse and patient jointly set goals to attain, restore, or maintain health.

Roy's Theory

Adaptation in physiological, self-concept, role-function, and interdependence areas.

Watson's Theory

Transpersonal caring, healing, dignity, connectedness, and carative factors.

Kolcaba's Theory

Comfort by relieving physical, emotional, social, environmental, and spiritual distress.

Pender's Theory

Personal characteristics, experiences, and beliefs influence health behavior.

AACN Synergy Theory

Match nurse competencies to patient needs in critical care to improve outcomes.

Connection of Theory, Research, and Practice

Theory guides research/practice; research tests theory; practice creates new questions.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

Best evidence + clinical expertise + patient values/preferences + available resources.

EBP Steps

Inquiry → PICOT → search → appraise → integrate → evaluate → communicate.

PICOT Framework

Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time.

The 'P' in PICOT

Patient population or health problem.

The 'I' in PICOT

Intervention or area of interest.

The 'C' in PICOT

Comparison intervention or usual standard of care.

The 'O' in PICOT

Outcome or result being measured.

The 'T' in PICOT

Time needed to achieve or evaluate the outcome.

Scientific Method

An objective, systematic process for investigating phenomena while minimizing bias.

Reliability in Research

The study produces similar results when repeated under the same conditions.

Generalizability

Study findings can apply to similar patients or populations.

Exploratory Research

Initial nonexperimental research used to develop/refine a phenomenon or hypothesis.

Descriptive Research

Measures characteristics or frequency of events without manipulating variables.

Historical Research

Descriptive investigation of past events and relationships.

Experimental Research

Researcher controls a variable and randomly assigns subjects to conditions.

Correlational Research

Examines relationships between variables without intervention.

Performance Improvement (PI)

Continuous improvement of local processes, quality, outcomes, efficiency, and cost.

Difference Between EBP and Research

EBP applies existing evidence; research generates new generalizable knowledge.

Difference Between PI and Research

PI improves local processes; research seeks generalizable knowledge.

Translational Research

Tests how to implement and sustain evidence effectively in real-world settings.

Five Translational Research Stages

Basic → Preclinical → Clinical → Clinical implementation → Public health.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Reviews human-subject research to protect participants and ensure ethical conduct.

WHO Definition of Health

Complete physical, mental, and social well-being—not merely absence of disease.

Three Main Health Belief Model Components

Avoid/recover from illness; believe actions help; likelihood of taking action.

Three Areas of the Health Promotion Model

Individual experiences; behavior-specific cognitions/affect; behavioral outcomes.

Maslow's Hierarchy (Lowest to Highest)

Physiological → Safety → Love/belonging → Self-esteem → Self-actualization.

Priority Needs in Maslow's Hierarchy

Emergent physiological needs, such as oxygen and fluids.

Five SDOH Categories

Economic, education, health care, social/community, neighborhood/built environment.

Primary Prevention

Prevent disease before it develops; e.g., immunizations and health education.

Secondary Prevention

Early detection and treatment; e.g., screenings and focused examinations.

Tertiary Prevention

Limit disability/deterioration through rehabilitation and adaptation.

Five Stages of Behavior Change

Precontemplation → Contemplation → Preparation → Action → Maintenance.

Precontemplation Stage

No intention to change within the next 6 months.

Contemplation Stage

Recognizes a problem and considers changing within 6 months.

Preparation Stage

Plans change soon and takes small steps, usually within the next month.

Action Stage

Actively changing behavior; this stage lasts up to about 6 months.

Maintenance Stage

Change has continued >=6 months and strategies are used to prevent relapse.

Nonmodifiable Risk Factor

A risk that cannot be changed, such as age, sex, genetics, or family history.

Modifiable Risk Factor

A changeable risk such as smoking, inactivity, diet, or poor sleep.

Benner's View on Caring

Caring is essential to excellent nursing and helps nurses know the patient.

Leininger's View on Caring

Caring is universal, but its expression differs across cultures.

Swanson's 5 Caring Processes

Knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief.