Language and Phonetic Midterm

Phonetic

The study of how speech sounds are produced. Understanding how individual sounds are combined to form syllables and words.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A unique alphabet designed to represent sounds of a language, not the spelling of words.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of a language of carrying meaning.

Free morphemes

Morphemes that make sense by themselves. such as chair, car etc

Bound morphemes

These are morphemes that can not stand alone. They have to be connected to a free morpheme like -s and -ing. They have meaning but not by themselves.

Phoneme

A speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes.

Minimal Pairs

Words that are similar but have one different phoneme like cap and tap - /c/ and /t/.

Allophone

When phonemes can have a variant in how they are produced. Like the /l/ in light and little

Onset

The onset consists of any single consonant or consonant cluster preceding a vowel; some syllables contain no onset

rhyme

The rhyme is divided into two components, the nucleus and the coda.

nucleus

is typically a vowel or a syllabic consonant

coda

consists of any single consonant or consonant cluster following the nucleus; some syllables contain no coda.

bisyllabic and multisyllabic words,

one syllable always receives primary stress. This syllable is pro duced with the greatest force, resulting in a syllable that is perceived as being longer in duration, louder, and, most importantly, higher in pitch

Broad (phonemic) transcription

is used when there is no attempt to record allophonic variation of speech; slash marks (virgules) are used to indicate broad transcription. Right or wrong

Narrow transcription

is used when recording allophonic variation of speech; brackets are used to indicate narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is employed when performing an impressionistic transcription of speech, i.e., when transcribing an unknown speech sound system or when transcribing the speech of a child or adult with a severe speech sound disorder affecting the rules associated with typical speech sound development

the respiratory system includes

the diaphragm and several major muscle groups that assist the lungs in expanding and contracting during inhalation and exhalation.

To begin speaking,

a preparatory breath is taken and the lungs provide a steady stream of air. This is essential in the production of vowels and consonants, which in English are all pulmonic.

Speech cycles

During speech production, inhalation only takes up 10 percent of the inhalation–exhalation cycle. The other 90 percent is devoted to exhalation.

laryngeal system

is primarily comprised of the lar ynx, which houses the vocal cords (folds)

process of phonation

Air coming from the lungs pushes the vocal cords apart, starting the process of phonation

The vocal cords are brought back together due to

both muscular activity and Bernoulli’s principle

parts of the supralaryngeal system

The pharynx, the oral and nasal cavities, and the speech articulators

The major articulators include

the lips (labial sounds), the teeth (dental sounds), the alveolar ridge (alveolar sounds), the palate (palatal sounds), the velum or soft palate (velar sounds), and the glottis (glottal sounds). The tongue (lingual sounds) is the major articulator used in the production of speech

Tongue height

refers to how high or low the tongue is when producing a vowel;

; tongue advancement

t relates to how far forward or backward the tongue is during vowel production;

lip rounding

refers to whether the lips are rounded or unrounded during production of a particular vowel

tense/ lax dimension

relates to whether a particular vowel can or cannot end a stressed open syllable. Tense vowels can end a stressed open syllable, and lax vowels cannot.

Vowels

a speech sound formed without significant constrictions of the oral or pharyngeal cavities

Monophthongs (or Pure vowel)

A single sound that can be held out. Is represented by one sound.

Diphthongs

They are two sounds. Traansitions from one sound to another and is represented with two symbols

Articulation

Vowels are distinguished by tongue placement

Vowel Quadrilateral

Shows the most common/ideal placement of the toungue in the oral cavity during the productions of each vowel.

Tenseness

The amount of muscle contractions

Length

Length in duration

3 major speech system

Repsiratory, Phonatory and Articulatory