Chapter 8 - Med term

begins preparation of food for digestion

mouth

or/o

stomat/o

mouth

used for biting, tearing, and chewing in mechanical digestion

teeth

odont/i

teeth

transports food from the mouth to the esophagus

pharynx

pharyng/o

pharynx

transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

esophagus

esophag/o

esophagus

breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices

stomach

gastr/o

stomach

mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients

small intestine

enter/o

small intestine

absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination

large intestine

col/o

colon/o

large intestine

control the exertion of solid waste

rectum and anus

an/o

proct/o

rect/o

rectum and anus

secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats

liver

hepat/o

liver

stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed

gallbladder

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed

pancreas

pancreat/o

pancreas

consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

• this transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach

upper GI tract

is made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus

• here digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body

lower GI tract (aka bowels)

are the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium

oral cavity (aka mouth)

surround the opening to the oral cavity

• during eating, the lips, tongue, and cheeks hold the food in the mouth

• also have important roles in breathing, speaking, and the expression of emotions

lips (aka labia)

forms the roof of the mouth

palate

is the anterior portion of the palate

• this area is covered with specialized mucous membrane

hard palate

is the flexible posterior portion of the palate

• during swallowing, it has the important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity

soft palate

is the third part, and it hangs from the free edge of the soft palate

• during swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate

• it also plays an important role in snoring and in the formation of some speech sounds

uvula

is very strong, flexible, and muscular

• the posterior portion of it is attached

• the anterior end of it moves freely and is flexible

• it is the structure of it that makes it so important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing

tongue

upper surface of the tongue

• this surface has a tough protective covering and in some areas, small bumps known as papillae

• these papillae contain taste buds, which are the sensory receptors for the sense of taste

dorsum

this surface of the tongue and the tissues that lie under the tongue are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues

• the presence of this rich blood supply under the tongue makes it suitable for administering certain medications sublingually by placing them under the tongue, where they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream

sublingual surface

means containing many blood vessels

highly vascular

is a band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

• this frenum limits the motion of the tongue

lingual frenum

describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

• this consists of the bone of the dental arches and the soft tissues that surroud and support the teeth

periodontium

is the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth

gingiva (aka masticatory mucosa or the gums)

is an area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva

• a buildup of food debris and bacteria in the sulcus can lead to infection

sulcus

are the bony structures of the oral cavity

• these arches hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking

dental arches

is commonly known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull

• this arch does not move

maxillary arch

commonly known as the lower jaw

• is a separate bone and is the only moveable component of the joint

mandibular arch

is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

temporomandibular joint (aka TMJ)

refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

dentition

these teeth are used for biting and tearing

incisors and canines

these teeth are used for chewing and grinding

premolars (aka bicupsids) and molars

these 20 teeth erupt during early childhood, are normally lost in late childhodd, and are replaced by the permanent teeth

• consists of 8 incisors, 4 canines, and 8 molars but no premolars

primary dentition (baby teeth)

consists of 32 teeth designed to last a lifetime

• of these teeth, 20 primary teeth and 12 erupt at the back of the mouth

• includes 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars

• the third molars, which are the last to erupt, are also known as wisdom teeth

permanent dentition

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

occlusion

is the portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth

crown

hardest substance in the body

enamel

hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch

• are protected by cementum

roots

this substance is hard, but it is not as strong as enamel

cementum

also known as the neck of the tooth, is where the crown and root meet

cervix

makes up the bulk of the tooth

• the portion that is above the gum line is covered with enamel

• the root area is covered with cementum

dentin

is the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth

pulp cavity

in the roots, the pulp continues in the space known as __________

root canals

consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth

pulp

is a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth

• it helps maintain the health of the teeth, and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing

• also contains the digestive enzyme amylase and is the first step in chemical digestion

saliva

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

salivary glands

are located on the face, slightly in front of each ear

• the ducts for these glands are on the inside of the cheek near the upper molars

parotid glands

the _________ and their ducts are located on the floow of the mouth under the tongue

sublingual glands

the __________ and their ducts are located on the floow of the mouth near the mandible

submandibular glands

is the common passageway for both respiration and digestion

• plays an important role in deglutition

pharynx

is commonly known as swallowing

deglutition

is a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

epiglottis

is the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

esophagus

is a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach

• during swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach

• this sphincter normally opens to allow the flow into the stomach and closes to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus

lower esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)

means flowing backward

regurgitating

is a sac-like organ composed of the fundus (upper, rounded part), body (main portion), and antrum (lower part)

stomach

are the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach

• these folds allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size

• glands located within these folds produce gastric juices

rugae

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion

• mucus produced by glands in the stomach create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach

gastric juices

is the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

pylorus

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine

• this coiled organ is up to 20 feet in length and consists of three sections where food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

small intestine

is the first portion of the small intestine

• extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum

duodenum

is the middle portion of the small intestine, extends from the duodenum to the ileum

jejunum

is the last and longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

ileum

extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus

• it is about twice as wide as the small intestine; however, it is only one-fourth as long

• it is here that the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus

• the major parts are the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus

large intestine

is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

• it extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon

cecum

is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

ileocecal sphincter

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

vermiform appendix (aka appendix)

refers to a worm-like shape

vermiform

is the longest portion of the large intestine, is subdivided into four parts

colon

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

ascending colon

passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen

transverse colon

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

descending colon

is an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below

sigmoid colon

is the widest division of the large intestine

• it makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus

rectum

is the lower opening of the digestive tract

• the flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the internal and external anal sphincter

anus

refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit

anorectal

is the largest organ in the body

• it has several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs

• removes excess glucose, which is commonly known as blood sugar, from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen - when the blood sugar level is low, it converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for use by the body

liver

means pertaining to the liver

hepatic

is a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles

glycogen

aids in the digestion of fats, and is a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat

• travels from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored

bile

is a pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile, giving it a yellow to green color

• excessive amounts of it in the body can lead to jaundice and other diseases

bilirubin

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

biliary

small ducts in the liver join together like branches to form the biliary tree - the trunk, which is just outside the liver, is known as

common hepatic duct

the bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters and exits through the narrow ________

cystic duct

the cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct to form the _________

common bile duct

the common bile duct joins the _________, and together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine

pancreatic duct