Comprehensive Guide to TEAS 7 Science: Anatomy, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning

What is the total number of scored questions in the TEAS 7 Science section?

50 scored questions

How much time is allotted for the TEAS 7 Science section?

60 minutes

What major content change was made in the TEAS 7 Science section?

Specific sections on chemistry and biology were added, and the life and physical sciences section was removed.

How many questions are scored in the Human Anatomy and Physiology section of TEAS 7?

18 scored questions

What are the three new sections in the TEAS 7 Science section?

Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning.

What is the purpose of the anatomical position in anatomy?

To provide a standard reference for describing the location of body parts.

What does the coronal plane separate in the human body?

The front and back halves (anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal).

What does the sagittal plane separate in the human body?

The left and right halves.

What does the transverse plane separate in the human body?

The top and bottom halves (inferior and superior).

What does the term 'superior' mean in anatomical direction?

Toward the head or higher.

What does the term 'inferior' mean in anatomical direction?

Away from the head or lower.

What does 'proximal' refer to in anatomical direction?

Structures that are close together.

What does 'distal' refer to in anatomical direction?

Structures that are farther apart.

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

To bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide.

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

Nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

What is external respiration?

The process of getting oxygen from the external environment into the body.

What is internal respiration?

The transport of oxygen to tissues and cells in the body through the blood.

What is cellular respiration?

The process where oxygen is used to break down glucose for energy.

What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?

It enables breathing by contracting and relaxing.

What factors can affect the respiratory system?

Genetic conditions, environmental pollutants, and pathogens.

What is a common genetic condition that affects the respiratory system?

Cystic fibrosis.

What are some conditions caused by environmental pollutants?

COPD, emphysema, mesothelioma, and lung cancer.

What pathogens can affect the respiratory system?

Viral and bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, the common cold, the flu, SARS, and COVID-19.

What is the significance of the intercostal muscles in respiration?

They assist in expanding the chest cavity during breathing.

What is ventilation in the context of the respiratory system?

The rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs.

What part of the nervous system controls ventilation?

The autonomic nervous system, specifically the medulla oblongata and pons.

What are the main types of pathogens that affect the airway and lungs?

Viral and bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, the common cold, the flu, SARS, and COVID-19.

What condition can develop due to viruses such as the cold or flu?

Bronchitis, an inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and carry away waste products.

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries.

What type of blood vessels carry blood toward the heart?

Veins.

Where are red blood cells generated?

In the bone marrow.

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

About four months.

What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

To bind oxygen.

What are the two circuits through which blood travels?

Pulmonary and systemic circuits.

What happens in the pulmonary circuit?

Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

What is the normal pulse rate for a healthy adult?

Between 60 and 100 beats per minute.

What is systolic pressure?

The pressure inside the arteries when the heart contracts, should be less than 120 mm Hg.

What is diastolic pressure?

The pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes, with a normal value under 80 mm Hg.

What is another name for the digestive system?

The gastrointestinal system.

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

To provide the body with food molecules, absorb water, vitamins, and minerals.

What is the alimentary canal?

The one-way pathway through which food travels, starting from the mouth to the anus.

What role do the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas play in digestion?

They are accessory organs that excrete substances to aid in the breakdown of food.

What is peristalsis?

A series of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces without changing it chemically, while chemical digestion involves chemical changes to food molecules.

What is gastric juice?

A combination of hydrochloric acid and enzymes produced by the stomach to help break down food.

What hormones regulate the production of gastric juice?

Hormones stimulated by the smell, thought, or presence of food.

What enzymes does the pancreas secrete?

Amylase, lipase, nuclease, and several proteolytic enzymes.

What is the primary function of the liver in digestion?

To create bile, which helps break down fats, and to remove toxins.

What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue?

Neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia.

What does the central nervous system consist of?

The brain and spinal cord.

What is the role of the brain in the nervous system?

To control sensation, perception, thinking, and movement.

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Nerves that branch from the CNS to other parts of the body.

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Voluntary and conscious activities.

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Involuntary, subconscious activities, such as heartbeat and digestion.

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

What are the main components of a neuron?

Cell body, dendrites, and axon.

What is the function of dendrites?

To receive messages from other cells.

What is the role of the axon in a neuron?

To transmit messages to other cells.

What are the three types of neurons?

Afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.

What do afferent neurons do?

Send sensory signals to the central nervous system.

What do efferent neurons do?

Send signals from the central nervous system to the muscular system.

What is the function of interneurons?

To transmit information between afferent and efferent neurons.

What systems work together to allow movement?

The muscular system and the skeletal system.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle.

What is the primary characteristic of skeletal muscle?

It is mostly controlled voluntarily.

Where is smooth muscle found?

In the digestive tract, urinary tract, and uterus.

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

To pump blood throughout the heart.

What are muscle fibers composed of?

Long, thin tubes containing contractile fibers.

How do muscles contract?

In response to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters.

What hormones are involved in male reproduction?

Testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?

To produce and deliver sperm.

What hormones are involved in female reproduction?

Estrogen, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

What is the main function of the female reproductive system?

To create ova (egg cells) and nourish a developing embryo.

What is the integumentary system composed of?

Skin, hair, and nails.

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

To protect the body and regulate temperature.

What are the layers of the skin?

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

What role does the endocrine system play in the body?

It creates hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

To control the release of hormones such as FSH, LH, and oxytocin.

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of balanced internal conditions in the body.

How does the integumentary system help in thermoregulation?

By narrowing or widening blood vessels and through sweat evaporation.

What is the primary function of hormones in the endocrine system?

Hormones regulate various bodily functions including growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, and stress responses.

What gland produces adrenaline?

The adrenal gland.

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

By releasing hormones in response to internal and external conditions to restore balance.

What hormone is released by the pancreas when blood sugar increases?

Insulin.

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

A process where a gland is stimulated to create a hormone until balance is restored, after which stimulation ceases.

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Childbirth, where increased activity is needed to achieve a result.

How do the nervous and endocrine systems communicate?

The nervous system senses changes and the endocrine system responds by releasing hormones.

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

To remove waste from the body and regulate blood.

What are the main components of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

How do the kidneys contribute to blood pressure regulation?

By filtering blood and regulating the amount of water eliminated in urine.

What is the role of the immune system?

To protect the body against disease through various tissues and cells.

What are the two general types of leukocytes?

Phagocytes and lymphocytes.

What is the innate immune system?

The part of the immune system that responds quickly to general threats and is present at birth.

What is the adaptive immune system?

The part of the immune system that develops over time to identify specific pathogens.

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity is built by the body over time, while passive immunity is temporary and transferred from one person to another.

What are the three lines of defense in the immune system?

First-line defenses (skin, mucous membranes), second-line defenses (innate immune cells), and third-line defenses (adaptive immune cells).