PSYCH 210 - chapter 3

Cell Differentiation

The process where cells go through qualitative changes (discontinuous)

Cell Proliferation

The process where cells go through quantitative changes (continuous)

Organogenesis

The stage in the embryonic period where organs start to develop

Sensitive period - brain

15-25 days

Sensitive period - eyes

24-40 days

Sensitive period - heart

20-40 days

Germinal Period

The first 2 weeks (conception to uterine implication)

Trophoblast

Outer layer that keeps zygote alive

Blastocyst

Inner layer that has the embryonic disk

Umbilical Cord

Attaches baby to Placenta. 2 arteries 1 vein. Passage of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.

Amnion

Bag that creates protective environment. Filled with fetal urine. Provides controlled environment. Only way bad stuff gets in if intact is through umbilical cord.

Implantation

Ends Germinal Period. Blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus

Placenta

group of tissues with intertwined blood vessels

Ectoderm

Outer layer. Neural Tube that develops spinal cord and brain. Responsible for Nervous and Sensory systems.

Mesoderm

Middle layer. Responsible for the “support” systems. Circulatory, Bone, Muscle, and Reproductive systems.

Endoderm

Inner layer. Where organs develop. Responsible for the digestive and respiratory systems.

Age of Viability

22-26 weeks. The time frame where it is known you will survive outside of the womb.

Teratogen

The study of toxins that can cause birth defects. Environmental agent.

Fetal Period

Longest Prenatal Period. From end of 2nd month-Birth.

Embryonic Period

6 weeks. Zygote into embryo at implantation.

Life Support Systems

Network of blood vessels in the uterine wall. Placenta, Umbilical Cord, Amnion.

Combinatorial Impact of Multiple Factors

Nutrition, health, stress, care

Dose

How much of something you are exposed to

Genetic Susceptibility

Mother’s metabolism; placental anatomy and physiology. If the baby’s immune system can fight off illness.

Time of Exposure (Critical Periods)

Embryonic Period is the most important time.

Prescription and Nonprescription

Will pass through placental barriers

Thalidomide

Toxin that causes limb deformities. 1960s study.

Acutane

Causes various deformities. “Black box” warning on label.

NSAIDS (anti-inflammatory)

Alters kidneys and kidney functions. Ibuprofen after 20 weeks.

Antidepressants

Causes premature births and low birthweight.

Caffeine

Potentially causes low birth weight. Spotty research.

Alcohol

Alters brain development. Interferes with brain cell production and migration.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Physical, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive deficits.

Smoking

Constricts blood vessels reducing how much blood will get to the baby. Loss of oxygen and nutrition.

Stress

Weakens immune system and reduces ability to fight illness.

Stage 1 - Dilation and Effacement

longest stage of birth

12-14 hours on average

contractions start to dilate and thin out cervix

goal = 10cm

Stage 2- Birth

contractions increase and get stronger

“crowning” baby head first shows

passage of baby down birth

Stage 3 - Afterbirth

contractions continue immediately after and for weeks after

amnion and placenta and umbilical cord delivered

examined to determine health of baby

Delivery Complications

Precipitate Delivery

Anoxia/Hypoxia

Breech Position

Placenta Previa

Cesarean Section

Precipitate Delivery

has rhythm

too rapid of a delivery

excessive pressure on baby’s head

amniotic fluid could be swallowed which causes infections

Anoxia/Hypoxia

lack of oxygen to baby during and after birth

umbilical cord compromised

brain damage

Breech Position

not head first (feet or butt first)

1 in 25 (4%)

Placenta Previa

placenta blocks birth canal

Cesarean Section (C-Section)

surgical removal of baby

slow delivery, baby too large, wrong position

if delivery doesn’t progress

32% in US

APGAR

given at 1-5 minutes after birth

a) heart rate

b) respiration

c) muscle tone

d) body color

e) reflex irritability

Brazelton

only done if something doesn’t seem right

more extensive assessment of CNS

Preterm Infants

normal gestation = 38-42weeks

preterm is 35weeks or sooner

6 months = viability

prior to 6 months = less developed nervous system/not likely to survive

Small-for-Date Infants

Low birth weight

< 5.5

Massage

touch stimulates growth

rocking and cuddling

seeing people touch and reach into incubator

Kangaroo Care

promote skin to skin contact

breathing and heart rate can sync up

regulation

Post Partum

post birth period of physical and emotional adjustments

Involution

shrinkage of uterus to normal size

6 week period it takes the uterus back to where it was

2-3 pounds to 2-3 ounces

Breastfeeding

colostrum = antibodies for immune system which baby needs from beginning

milk comes in 2-3 days after birth

Emotional Adjustment

raging hormones - tied to a lot of the mental side of things

post-partum depression

lack of sleep

responsibilities

hormone imbalance

Sucking Reflex

latch when something is placed in mouth

for nourishment

4-6 months

Reflexes

genetically programmed - stimulus response

both with (nature)

Vital

coughing, sneezing, blinking, breathing (mostly on autopilot)

*stick around for life

Adaptive

functional

1) sucking reflex 2) rooting reflex

*infant only has these reflexes

Rooting Reflex

searching reflex - if you stroke cheek of baby it will turn its head expecting breast

Primitive Reflexes

reflect our primate heritage

Moro Reflex - Startle Reflex

newborn will arch back, throw arms back, and open hands

bracing themselves

response to sudden movement

Grasping Reflex

develops toward voluntary control

if you put anything into plan of young newborn’s hand they will hold it

Babinski Reflex

inward arching of toes to stroking

monkey footed

foot analogy of the grasping reflex

Appearance, Strength, Disappearance, and Reappearance

central nervous system functioning and development

able to reflect something wrong or right with nervous system

Infant States of Consciousness

newborns sleep 16-18hr a day

cycles not always in sync with adults

• by 4 months resemble adults

REM Sleep

50% for infants vs 20% for adults

brain becomes active

critical for brain development

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

greatest cause of infant deaths 20% and 1/5

abnormal brain functions

Risk Factors

prematurity, low APGAR, respiratory problems (apnea), winter, passive smoke, males

Visual Acuity

if you pass one thing in front of the child and their eyes follow it they can see it.

Optokinetic Nystagmus

involuntary eye movement reflex. newborns can track objects with their eyes faintly.

Taste and Smell

most advanced systems at birth

stimulus is prenatally active

preferences pass from mom to fetus

Hearing

active prenatally

preference for human voices especially mom’s

music exposure helps brain/language development

Touch

pain experienced and stressful

Weight

7.5 pounds at birth

in first few days may lose 5-7% of weight

double by 5 months

triple by 1 year

quadruple by 2 years

Height

20in at birth

1 in a month in first year (32in)

slows down in 2nd year - (36in)

Cephalocaudal Pattern

grow from head to foot

upper parts of body that develop

Gross Motor Skills

large muscle movements

shoulders before legs

Walking

extremely difficult to mimic in robots

mainly due to brain

implication for other areas of development

once you become mobile your cognitive and emotional world changes

Constraints

Structural

Patterning of Movement

Coordinating Information from Other Senses

Structural

for upright posture

disproportioned - young infant is top heavy

analogy: backpacking

ridgid bones needed

Patterning of Movement

coordination of joints in the brain

as you get older and when you are younger you don’t have the wiring in your brain

motor control/weight shifting

walking in most efficient way

Coordinating Information from Other Senses

feedback loops in body

vision - optic flow

vestibular system - movement, balance, orientation