LPN program basic review

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Cardiovascular system

The body system composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood; responsible for circulating oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Respiratory system

The body system including the lungs and airways, responsible for taking in oxygen and excreting carbon dioxide.

Renal/urinary system

The body system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; responsible for filtering blood, removing waste via urine, and maintaining fluid balance.

Endocrine system

The system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate metabolism, growth, and tissue function.

Integumentary system

The body system consisting of skin, hair, and nails that protects against external pathogens, regulates body temperature, and senses environment.

Passive movement of solute particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Diffusion

Passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

Osmosis

Cellular organelle responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate ($\text{ATP}$) through cellular respiration

Mitochondria

Fluid tonicity classifications and their effects on cell volume

Isotonic solutions cause no net fluid shift; hypotonic solutions cause fluid to enter cells (swelling); hypertonic solutions pull fluid out of cells (shrinking).

Medical prefixes: hypo- vs. hyper-

Hypo- indicates below normal, deficient, or low; hyper- indicates above normal, excessive, or high.

Medical prefixes: tachy- vs. brady-

Tachy- indicates fast or rapid; brady- indicates slow.

Medical suffixes: -itis, -ectomy, -emia

-itis means inflammation; -ectomy means surgical removal; -emia means a condition of the blood.

Clinical timing/administration abbreviations: PRN, NPO, PO

PRN means as needed; NPO means nothing by mouth; PO means orally / by mouth.

Target organism type for antibiotic medications

Bacteria (antibiotics are ineffective against viral, fungal, or parasitic infections).

Four major electrolytes critical to human physiological balance

Sodium ($\text{Na}^+$), Potassium ($\text{K}^+$), Calcium ($\text{Ca}^{2+}$), and Chloride ($\text{Cl}^-$).

Measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids

$\text{pH}$ scale; values below $7$ represent acidity, values above $7$ represent alkalinity, and $7$ represents neutrality.

Macronutrient essential for tissue repair, cell growth, and wound healing

Protein

Metric volume conversion between liters ($\text{L}$) and milliliters ($\text{mL}$)

$$1\,\text{L} = 1000\,\text{mL}$$

Metric mass conversions between grams ($\text{g}$), milligrams ($\text{mg}$), and micrograms ($\text{mcg}$)

$1\,\text{g} = 1000\,\text{mg}$ and $1\,\text{mg} = 1000\,\text{mcg}$

Five core clinical vital signs monitored in healthcare

Temperature, Heart Rate (HR), Respiratory Rate (RR), Blood Pressure (BP), and Oxygen Saturation ($\text{SpO}_2$).

Five sequential phases of the Nursing Process (ADPIE)

Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.