the sounds of language

Phonetics

General study of characteristics of speech sounds

Articulately phonetics

The study how sounds are made

Acoustics phonetics

Physical properties of sound in the air

Auditory phonetics

Perception of speech sounds via the ear

Voiceless sounds

Vocal folds are spread apart

voiced sounds

vocals folds are drawn together

Bilabials voiceless

[p]

Pet, tape

Bilabials voiced

[b], [m], [w]

Bet, met, wet

Labiodental place of articulation

Upper teeth with lower lip

Labiodental voiceless

[f]

Fat, safe

Labiodental voiced

[v]

Vat, save

Dental place of articulation

tongue behind upper teeth

Dental voiceless

theta]

Thin, bath

Dentals voiced

Then, bathe

Alveolars place of articulation

Tongue tip to alveolar ridge

Alveolars voiceless

[t] [s]

Top, sit

Alveolars voiced

[d], [z], [n], [l], [r]-upside down r

dog, zoo, nut, lap, rap

Post-alveolars Place of articulation

Tongue behind the alveolar ridge

Post alveolar voiceless

Ship, chip

Post alveolar voiced

Casual, gem

Palatals place of articulation

Tongue and palate

Palatals voiced (no voiceless)

[j]

Yet

Velars place of articulation

back of tongue and velum

Velars voiceless

[k]

Cat, back

Velars voiced

[g], [n]

Gun, bang

Glottals voiceless (no voiced)

[h]

Hat, who

glottals place of articulation

Space between vocal folds

Stops manner of articulation

Block airflow, let it go abruptly

Stops voiceless

[p], [t], [k]

Stops voiced

B, d, g

Fricatives manner of articulation

Almost block airflow, let airflow escape through narrow gap

Fricatives voiceless

F, th, sh, s , h

Fricatives voiced

V, eth, z, 3

Affricatives manner of atticulation

Combine a brief stop with a fricative

Affricatives voiced

D3 as in Jeep, rage

Nasals manner of articulation

Lower the velum, let airflow escape flow out through nose

Nasal only has voiced

M, n, ng

Liquids manner of atticulation

Raise and curl tongue, let airflow escape round the sides

liquids voiced only

L, R (load, road)

Glides

Move tongue to or from a vowel

Glides voiced only

W, j

(We, yes)

Consonants

Obstruction/closure in the vocal tract

Vowel

Relatively free flow of air

Caught- cot distinction

pronounce /a/ and /c/ as two distinct vowel phonemes

Caught-cot merger

/a/ and /c/ into one vowel category (sound identical)

Diphthongs

Vowels go from low to high

Examples of Dipthongs 3

/ai/ my, bite,ride /mai/, bait/, /raid/

/au/ now, house, loud /nau/, /haus/, /laud/

/ci/ boy, choice, coin /bci/, chcis, kcin

Natural class of Phonemes

Phonemes that have certain features in common > behave similarly

P and k are voiceless

Phones

Sound we produce in speech

Allophones examples

t^h tar

Minimal pairs

Two words that only differ in one phoneme a

Minimal pair example

Fan- van

Bath-math

Allophones

Set of phones that are all versions of one phoneme

Minimal sets

group of words that differentiate by changing one phoneme in the same position in the word

Minimal sets example

Big, pig, rig, fig, dig, and wig

Phonotactics

The rules that determine possible phoneme sequences