Animal: Digestive System

Plant eaters are called ____ and have ____ intestines. Give examples.

herbivore; large

cows, horses

____ eat animals and they have sharp molars and ____ intestines. Give examples

carnivore; small

bears, wolves

____ eat both plant and animals. Give examples.

omnivore

pig, human

A diet must provide 3 things: _____, _____, and ____. What are these 3 things collectively called?

energy, carbon source, and essential nutrients

nutrition

Essential nutrients cannot be _______ by animal body and cells cannot make certain things, therefore it comes from _____.

synthesized; diet

What are the essential nutrients?

amino acids, essential fatty acids, and vitamins/minerals.

_____ _____ makes up the phospholipid bilayer; not able to move membrane cell

fatty acid

T/F vitamins are inorganic

false; minerals

T/F minerals are needed to absorb carbon, iron, and potassium

true

What are the 4 steps of food processing?

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Where does ingestion first take place?

mouth

T/F A mechanical ingestion is when you grind food with teeth and the tongue helps move food around

true

Ingestion also requires a chemical part. Therefore, an enzyme called ______ _____ helps break down complex carbohydrates into smaller carbohydrates.

salivary amylase

After mechanical ingestion: A _____ is swallowed and moved by ____ to the _______

bolus; pharynx; esophagus

The esophagus uses _____ to move bolus to the stomach

peristalsis

_____ ensures one way movement and the _____ sphincter regulates the exit from the esophagus to the stomach

sphincters; lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Lower esophageal sphincter controls and ensures that the door is closed and food does not come back. If something is wrong and doesn’t completely close and food comes back into your esophagus, this is called ______ or _____ or _____

heartburn, reflux, GERD

Once the food enters the stomach, it is no longer called ‘bolus’ - it is called ____. This enters the stomach and causes the epithelial cells lined in stomach to make a protein called _____

chyme; gastrin

_____ is a signaling molecule and acts on two different types of cells: ____ and ____

gastrin; chief cells and parietal cells

In response to gastrin, the chief cells makes _____ and parietal cells make the ___ and ____ into lumen of stomach

pepsinogen; H+ and Cl-

T/F pepsinogen is inactive at the stomach

true

When pepsinogen and HCl are combined, it is called _____, which is an active protein - an enzyme that breaks down protein

pepsin

The chemical digestion includes: acids aid in digestion, where pepsin activates production of more pepsinogen. Pepsin acts on the chief cells to make more pepsinogen, in which we get more pepsin. This is a _____ feedback.

positive

A hole in the stomach epithelial lining is called an _____, where the juices come out of the stomach.

ulcer

A mechanical digestion in the stomach is the _______, a smooth muscle contraction to assist in the chemical digestion process.

peristalsis

Absorption takes place in the ______ intestine

small

Stomach releases _____ a little at a time into the small intestine via _____ _______.

chyme; pyloric sphincter

Digestion continues in the small intestine, specifically in the most upper part called the _________.

duodenum

The arrival of the chyme to the duodenum signals the production of a molecule called _______, which acts on _______ to produce bicarbonate and proteases: ________ and _______. It also acts on the liver.

secretin; pancreas; trypsin and chymotrypsin

Bicarbonate _______ chyme

neutralizes

Enzymes that break down protein

proteases

T/F pancreas is an organ

false; accessory gland

Pancreas acts as an _____ gland and a duct takes this into the small intestine, and gets activated once in the small intestine. NOT the pancreas.

exocrin

______ is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. An emulsifier that breaks down fat.

bile

What occurs in the small intestine and why?

absorption

an increased surface area ratio due to the folds and the epithelial cells have villi, which have their own microvilli.

The tight surface area of the small intestine and _____, which are fingerlike projections, allows absorption of nutrients by passive and active transport into the ______.

villi; bloodstream

Where is the pit stop for detoxing before entering bloodstream and into your body?

Liver

What is the last step of digestion?

Elimination

Any stuff that cannot be digested, like fibers, head to the ____ _______ for processing into waste and houses bacteria that ingests these materials.

large intestine

T/F the anus is controlled by two sphincters: voluntary and involuntary.

true

Where does water recovery takes place?

colon

What are the 4 hormones that regulate appetite and satiety?

Ghrelin, insulin, leptin, incretin

______ is made in the stomach and acts on the brain, stimulating hunger. This is why your stomach growls “GHRRRR” (peristalsis movement).

ghrelin

_____ made by pancreas and acts on the liver (glycogen) and lets glucose in to make ATP. It also acts on the brain. Stimulates satiety.

insulin

____ a hormone that tells the brain “I’m not hungry” and it is made by adipose, acts on the brain to stimulate satiety.

leptin

What makes incretin different from other hormones that stimulate satiety?

counter effect of ghrelin (turns it off and its process)

T/F ghrelin stimulates satiety

false; hunger

Where does fat loss go?

by breathing; releasing carbon dioxide

______ is made by intestine and tells pancreas to make more insulin

incretin