EXDM Exam 3

What did B. F. Skinner’s behaviorism theory say motivates people?

Rewards or avoiding punishment from the environment

According to Skinner, what role does intrinsic motivation have?

Little or no role

Who developed self-determination theory?

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan

What are the three basic psychological needs in self-determination theory?

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness

What does self-determination theory support?

Our natural tendencies to behave effectively and in healthy ways

What did Deci conclude from observing seals?

Humans are not simply passive responders; they are autonomous and curious

What is intrinsic motivation?

Doing an activity because it is naturally interesting or enjoyable

What is extrinsic motivation?

Doing an activity to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment

What happened in the SOMA game cube experiment to participants who were paid?

They were more likely to stop playing and read a magazine

What happened in the SOMA game cube experiment to participants who were not paid?

They were more likely to keep playing with the puzzle

What does “no pay, no play” describe?

An external reward can reduce interest in an activity that was initially enjoyable

What are some benefits of intrinsic motivation?

Better learning, creativity, problem solving, richer experiences, and deeper understanding

What can reduce intrinsic motivation?

Threats and intense competition

What can increase intrinsic motivation?

Choice, noncontrolling rewards, and competition without pressure

What is introjected regulation?

Internalized outside expectations that become “shoulds” and “oughts”

What is ego involvement?

Feeling that your worth depends on specific outcomes

What is autonomy?

Feeling that your actions are freely chosen and reflect your own will

How is autonomy different from individualism?

Autonomy is choice and personal freedom while acting responsibly; individualism contrasts with acting for the common good

What is autonomy support?

Actions that encourage another person’s autonomy

What is competence?

Having the capacities and strategies needed to achieve outcomes

What two feelings support high performance?

Feeling capable and feeling that the action is your choice

How can a controlling reward affect motivation?

It can weaken intrinsic motivation

What is relatedness?

Feeling connected with others while acting effectively and autonomously

Does depending on others always conflict with autonomy?

No, autonomous dependence can coexist with autonomy

How can feeling close to others during an activity affect emotion?

It can increase positive emotion and reduce negative emotion

What is a time crunch?

A feeling that time is scarce

What are time thieves?

Unexpected things that take time away

What is time deepening?

Multitasking or using time to do more than one thing

What is time estrangement?

Feeling alienated or overwhelmed by time constraints

How many hours of work could produce what a 40-hour worker produced in 1990, according to the review?

29 hours

What is overwork?

Being required to work overtime

What is overscheduling?

Filling time so tightly that activities are scheduled down to the minute

What is unpaid labor?

Unpaid work such as housework, cleaning, or church service

What is the time cost of stuff?

The more possessions you have, the more time and money they require

How much time does the review say people spend on media each week?

About 15 to 20 hours

How many vacation days per year does the review say Americans take?

13 days

What share of Americans does the review say take no vacation?

43 percent

What does the review say about paid vacation requirements in the United States?

Companies are not required to provide paid vacation

How can time pressure affect eating?

It is linked with fast food consumption and unhealthy diets

How can busyness affect environmental behavior?

Busy people may be less likely to recycle

How can busyness affect community involvement?

Busy people may be less likely to help neighbors, volunteer, or vote

What does the merry-go-round metaphor describe?

The fast pace of work spilling into family life and pushing family members apart

What are centrifugal forces in the family merry-go-round metaphor?

The fast pace that pushes families away from the center and from one another

How much free time have children ages 3 to 12 lost per week since the 1980s, according to the review?

12 hours

How has children’s study time changed, according to the review?

It has increased by 50 percent compared with 20 years earlier, with little overall academic gain

How has children’s structured sports time changed since the early 1980s?

It has doubled

What concern does the review mention about organized sports?

One-third of children want to quit and some feel like failures

What can highly scheduled childhoods reduce?

Child-driven play and high-quality family time

What mental health concerns are associated with highly scheduled children in the review?

Increased anxiety and depression

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend about children’s schedules?

Balance activities with unscheduled, spontaneous parent-child time

What does the review say helps children develop successful traits?

Parental love, role modeling, and guidance

What balance does the review recommend for children’s interests and activities?

A balance that fits the individual child

What concerns do many seniors experience in retirement?

Boredom, loneliness, and feeling useless

What does the review say about suicide rates among seniors?

They are twice the general population rate

What characterizes successful aging, according to the review?

Engagement and a healthy balance between work and play

What did Elder M. Russell Ballard compare an unbalanced life to?

A car tire that is out of balance

What did Brigham Young say about recreation and diversion?

They are as necessary to well-being as serious pursuits

What daily balance did Brigham Young suggest?

Eight hours for work, eight for play, and eight for sleep

What is Shabbat?

A Hebrew word meaning “pause” or “cease”

What are examples of ways to change your pace?

Track your time, review finances, allow recovery time, simplify, eat slowly, seek support, and make time for stillness

What does Mark 6 teach about time stress in the review?

Jesus recognized that his apostles needed a break

What is the main lesson from the scripture references in the review?

Focusing on outward appearance and material things can lead to pride and division