altered immunity vocab (4)

altered immunity system malfunctions:

1.) failure to host defense mechanism

2.) hypersensitivity

3.) autoimmunity

4.) alloimmunity

failure to host defense mechanism

failure of the body to mount a response to a pathogen

• antigenic variation; pathogens evading detection

antigenic variation

pathogens evading detection

• influenza virus variants/strains

• virus hides by going through latency

• uses immune cells as host to avoid destruction

• inhibit immune components and cells

primary immunodeficiency

recurrent severe infections

secondary immunodeficiency

results from another disease

hypersensitivity

excessive immune response to allergens

type 1 hypersensitivity

can be a mild local reaction with itching and redness or severe system affecting an individuals breathing

• ex: inflammation (local); anaphylatic shock (systemic)

type 1 hypersensitivity etiology

IgE-mediated

• activate helper T cells, mast cells, basophils

type 2 antibody mediated

reaction against normal self antigens go through lysis of cells

examples:

• graves

• blood transfusion

• hemolytic disease of newborns

• autoimmune diseases

graves

hyperthyroidism

• increase metabolism by attacking cells of thyroid

type 2 antibody mediated etiology

IgG OR IgM mediated

• activate macrophages

type 3 immune complex-mediated

immune complexes damage joints, kidneys, blood vessels, etc.; deposition of insoluble antigen-antibody complex

examples:

• Lupus

• RA

type 3 immune complex-mediated etiology

IgG and IgM mediated

• activate complement neutrophils

type 4 cell mediated

delayed response 1-3 days; leads to cell lysis

examples:

• poison ivy, mantoux test for TB

type 4 cell mediated etiology

T-cell mediated

• activates T lymphocytes

autoimmunity

failure to distinguish self from non-self; body attacks its own tissues

examples:

• graves disease

• specific organs (type 2)

• specific systems (type 3)

alloimmunity

immune response is stimulated in response to the presence of cells from another individual of the same species

• allograft

• allotransfusion

anaphylaxis

extreme type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

• edema

• vasodilation

• hypotension

atopic

people who develop IgE responses to a variety allergns

arthus reaction

a type 3 hypersensitivity immune complex-mediated causes an immune response in the skin leading to localized necrotic tissue

examples:

• Lupus

• RA

sensitization

phase-first exposure to antigen, memory cells are produced

elicitation

phase-memory T cells respond to a subsequent exposure (going through it again makes it worse)

autograft

graft/transplant from self or genetically identical individual

allograft

graft/transplant between unrelated individuals

neutrophils

most abundant

• phagocytosis

• degranulation; release inflammatory mediators

natural killer cells (NKC)

• cytotoxicity

• release inflammatory mediators

dendritic cells

• phagocytosis

• antigen presentation

• release of inflammatory mediators

monocytes

• phagocytosis

• antigen presenting

• release of inflammatory mediators

mast cells

• degranulation; release of inflammatory mediators

non-immune cells

1.) epithelial cells

2.) endothelial cells

3.) fibroblasts

epithelial cells

• tumorigenesis

• release of inflammatory mediators

endothelial cells

• immune cell recruitment

• release of inflammatory mediators

fibroblasts

• immunoregulation

• release of inflammatory mediators

B lymphocytes

• antigen production

• antigen presentation

• immune regulation

memory b cells

efficient, rapid antibody response to subsequent antigen recognition

plasma b cells

secretion of antibody (immunoglobin)

T lymphocytes

• assist with activation of B-cells (macrophages)

• cytotoxicity

• immunoregulation

cytotoxic T cell

specific cellular antigen destruction (sniper)

helper T cell

activation of antigen specific T cells (gossiper)

suppress T cell

suppress immune system; work towards homeostasis

eosinophils

• degranulation and cytotoxicity

• release of inflammatory mediators

treatment for altered immune response

• anti-inflammatory medication (corticosteroids like prednisone)

• immunosuppressant drugs (methotrexate)

• bacterial and fungal derivatives (cyclosporine A)

• disease management

• prevention of disease

rh isoiimmunization

rh negative mothers exposed to rh positve antigen of fetus; type 2 cytotoxic antibody mediated

• direct antigen-antibody hypersensitivity

• antibodies against rh antigen (anti-d) on RBC

• causes hemolysis

clinical manifestation (rh isoimmunization)

fetal effects

• anemia

• hydrops (edema)

• death

infant effects

• kernicterus (bilirubin deposits in brain)

• lethargy

• hearing loss

• cerebral palsy

• learning problems

treatment & diagnosis (rh isoimmunization)

• screen woman to determine rh negative or positive

• screen for antibodies to D antigen

• in sensitized female, amniocentesis to get sample of amniotic fluid

systemic lupus erythematus (SLE)

• autoimmune

• systemic and chronic

• type 3 hypersensitivity immune complexes

clinical manifestation (SLE)

• joint, pain, swelling

• skin rashes (butterfly)

• swelling of heart

• swelling around lungs

• kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis)

• neurological, pulmonary, cardiac disease may develop

diagnostic criteria (SLE)

• history and physical exam

• lab analysis (ANA, level of complement, anti-dsDNA)

• treatment by rheumatologist

• pharmalogic (anti-inflammatories, corticoesteriods, immunosuppresants)

stage 3 of HIV/AIDS

less than 200 cells/mcL

• classified as AIDS

stage 2 of HIV/AIDS

200 through 4999 cel

stage 1 of HIV/AIDS

more than 500 CD4 cells/mcL

stage 0 of HIV/AIDS

early infection